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Bio II > Module 8: Internal Transport > Flashcards

Module 8: Internal Transport Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In very small animals and unicellular organisms, materials are exchanged by _______, the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration

A

Diffusion

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2
Q

______ between the cells provides a medium of diffusion of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes

A

Interstitial fluid

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3
Q

Evolution of specialized ______ allowed animals and plants to increase in size

A

Circulatory systems

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4
Q

Circulatory systems transport _____(4) and other materials to the interstitial fluid surrounding all the cells and removes metabolic waste

A

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Hormones

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5
Q

In ______ systems, nutrients and waste are able to diffuse due to small size

A

No circulatory

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6
Q

Larger animals require a ______ to efficiently distribute materials

A

Circulatory systems

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7
Q

______ is a connective tissue consisting of cells and cell fragments dispersed in a fluid, usually called plasma

A

Blood

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8
Q

A pumping organ, generally a _______

A

Heart

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9
Q

______ through which blood circulates

A

Blood vessels

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10
Q

Two main types of circulatory systems are ______ and _______ systems

A

Open

Closed

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11
Q

Body cells are ______ in direct contact with blood in closed circulatory systems

A

Not

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12
Q

The heart pumps blood into a ______ system of blood vessels

A

Closed continuous

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13
Q

The walls of the smallest blood vessels, the _______, are thin enough to permit diffusion of gases, nutrients between blood in the vessels ad the interstitial fluid that bathes the cells

A

Capillaries

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14
Q

The vertebrate ______ consists of heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph, lymph vessels, and associated organs such as the thymus, spleen, liver

A

Circulatory system

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15
Q

The vertebrate circulatory system transports ______(4), helps (3), and ______

A

Nutrients, oxygen, metabolic wastes, hormones
Maintain fluid balance, distribute metabolic heat, maintain pH
Defends body against invading microorganism

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16
Q

Why did the vertebrate cardiovascular system evolve? (3)

A

Larger animals require more efficient system
The site of gas exchange shifted from gills to lungs
Some vertebrates became active endothermic animals with higher metabolic activity

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17
Q

Fish has _ atria, _ ventricles, _ circuits, and is oxygen-rich blood separate from oxygen-poor blood?

A

1
1
1
No

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18
Q

Amphibians have _ atria, _ ventricles, _ circuits, and is oxygen-rich blood separate from oxygen-poor blood?

A

2
1
2
Partially

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19
Q

Reptiles have _ atria, _ ventricles, _ circuits, and is oxygen-rich blood separate from oxygen-poor blood?

A

2
2
2
Partially or fully (organism specific)

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20
Q

Birds/mammals have _ atria, _ ventricles, _ circuits, and is oxygen-rich blood separate from oxygen-poor blood?

A

2
2
2
Fully

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21
Q

Adult humans have ______ liters of blood

A

5

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22
Q

______ is the fluid in which blood is suspended (55% blood volume)

A

Plasma

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23
Q

______ is plasma that has leaked from a blood vessel into a surrounding tissue. It circulates separately from the blood

A

Lymph

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24
Q

______ include: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

A

Cellular components

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25
Q

______ or red blood cells are highly specialized for transporting oxygen
Produced in ______
Contain large quantities of oxygen transporting ______

A

Erythrocytes
Bone marrow
Hemoglobin

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26
Q

______ or white blood cells defend the body against harmful bacteria and other microorganisms
Capable of independent movement

A

Leukocytes

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27
Q

Mammals have _______, tiny fragments of cytoplasm punched off from large cells in the bone marrow which release _______ that stop the loss of blood

A

Platelets

Clotting factors

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28
Q

Vertebrates have 3 main types of blood vessels

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

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29
Q

______ always carry blood away from the heart when divide into small branches called _______

A

Arteries

Arterioles

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30
Q

______ and ______ carry blood back toward the heart

A

Veins

Venules

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31
Q

_______ are microscopic vessels that form networks which exchange materials between blood and tissues

A

Capillaries

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32
Q

Blood flow (7)

A

Heart -> artery -> arteriole -> capillaries -> venues -> veins -> heart

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33
Q

Inner lining (tunica internia)

A

Endothelial cells/endothelium

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34
Q

Middle layer (tunica media)

A

Smooth muscle cells

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35
Q

Outer layer (tunica externa)

A

Connective tissue, rich in elastic and collagen fibers

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36
Q

Smooth muscle in arteriole walls control ______ and _______ of blood to tissues and are regulated by the nervous system

A

Blood pressure

Distribution

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37
Q

_______ tightening of smooth muscle cells produce blood flow and increases pressure

A

Vasoconstriction

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38
Q

______ relaxation of smooth muscle cells increase blood flow and decreases pressure

A

Vasodilation

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39
Q

_______ and ______ nerves control heart rate, vasoconstriction, and vasodilation

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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40
Q

______ is the force exerted by the blood against the inner walls of the blood vessels, measured by sphygmomanometer

A

Blood pressure

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41
Q

BP > 140/90 = _______

A

Hypertension

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42
Q

The heart is a hollow muscular organ consisting mainly of _______

A

Cardiac muscle

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43
Q

A connective tissue sac _______ encloses the heart

A

Pericardium

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44
Q

_______ is the largest vein

A

Vena cava

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45
Q

______ is the largest artery

A

Aorta

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46
Q

_______ are flaps of tissue that prevent backwards blood flow

A

Valves

47
Q

______ between atrium and ventrical

A

Tricuspid valve

48
Q

_______ of _______ between left atrium and ventricle

A

Mitral

Bicuspid valve

49
Q

_______ valves are between atria and ventricles

A

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

50
Q

_______ guard exits from the heart

A

Semilunar valve

51
Q

______ between the left ventricle and the aorta

A

Aortic valve

52
Q

______ between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonary valve

53
Q

______ circuit takes the blood to and from the lungs

A

Pulmonary

54
Q

______ circuit takes blood to and from every else in the body

A

Systemic

55
Q

______ consists of an extensive network of lymphatic vessels that conduct lymph (clear fluid formed from interstitial fluid)

A

Lymphatic vessels

56
Q

______ a type of connective tissue with large numbers of lymphocytes

A

Lymphatic tissue

57
Q

Lymphatic tissues are organized into ______ which are small masses of tissue that filter bacterial

A

Lymph nodes

58
Q

______ (3) consists mainly of lymphatic tissue

A

Tonsils
Thymus
Spleen

59
Q

3 main lymphatic circulation functions

A

Absorbs excess water from the blood
Absorb fat in the digestive tract
Essential for immune function

60
Q

Flow of lymph in the lymphatic system (4)

A

Enter the lymph capillaries where it becomes lymph
Lymph then flows into lymphatic vessels
At certain locations, lymph circulates through the lymph nodes
Lymph is returned to blood circulatory system

61
Q

______ is deficiency of hemoglobin which can be caused by blood loss, decrease production of hemoglobin or RBC, increased rate of RBC destruction

A

Anemia

62
Q

______ is a mutation in hemoglobin causes RBC to sickle in tissues where oxygen levels are low

A

Sickle cell anemia

63
Q

______ form of cancer which WBC multiply rapidly within bone marrow, crowding out developing RBC and platelets, leading to anemia like and impaired clotting

A

Leukemia

64
Q

______ a shoft hissing house when the valves in the heart don’t function correctly

A

Heart murmur

65
Q

_______ decreased blood flow due to narrow coronary Artie’s or embolism that blocks oxygen to the heart muscle

A

Myocardial infarction/heart attack

66
Q

Failure of the valves in the veins causing swelling

A

Varicose veins

67
Q

_______ amplify and record the hearts electrical activity

A

Electrocardiogram (EKG)

68
Q

______ provide continuous rhythmic impulse that avoid the block and drive the heartbeat

A

Artificial pacemakers

69
Q

_______ is the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between an organism and its environment

A

Organismal respiration

70
Q

______ takes place in the mitochondrial of eukaryotes – oxygen is the final electron acceptor and carbon dioxide is a metabolic waste product

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

71
Q

______ take place in the cytoplasm of some bacteria – nitrate or sulfate is the final electron acceptor. High oxygen levels may be toxic

A

Anaerobic cellular respiration

72
Q

______ take place in the chloroplasts in plants, algae, and some bacteria require CO2 and produces O2

A

Photosynthesis

73
Q

______ is sufficient in small organisms like sponges, hydras, and flat worms

A

Diffusion

74
Q

In complex animals specialized respiratory structures such as ______ or _______ deliver oxygen to cells of to a transport system and facilitate excretion of carbon dioxide

A

Gills

Lungs

75
Q

In vertebrates, respiratory systems and circulatory systems are functionally ______

A

Connected

76
Q

4 main types of respiratory surfaces

A

Body surface
Tracheal tubes
Gills
Lungs

77
Q

______ are moist, thin structures that extend from the body surface – the outer surface is exposed to the water, the inner surface networks of blood vessels
Found in aquatic mollusks, crustations, fishes, and amphibians

A

Gills

78
Q

Advantages of breaking air rather than water (3)

A

Contains high concentrations of O2
Oxygen diffuse faster in air than water
Less energy is needed to move air over gas exchange surface

79
Q

Disadvantages of breathing air

A

Respiratory surface must be kept moist because oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolve in fluid

80
Q

Gas exchange occurs through the ______ in small animals with high surface area to volume ratios and low metabolic rates

A

Entire body surface

81
Q

Insects and some other anthropoids have a network of ______ that delivers air directly to cells

A

Tracheal tubes

82
Q

Air enters through ______ along the body surface – muscles may help pump air in and out of the ______

A

Spiracles

83
Q

In the body, trachea tubes terminate in microscopic fluid filled _____, where gas are exchanged with body cells

A

Tracheoles

84
Q

______ are the sac shaped organs that include a network of interior tubes and tissues designed to facilitate exchange of gases with blood
Evolved to cover larger surface areas

A

Lungs

85
Q

Each lung is cover with _______ which forms a continuous sac that encloses the lung

A

Pleural membrane

86
Q

A film of fluid in the _____ provides lubrication between the lungs and the chest wall

A

Pleural cavity

87
Q

The bronchi branch into small _______ each ending in a cluster of tiny air sacs ______

A

Bronchioles

Alveoli

88
Q

Each alveolus is lined by a _____ layer of epithelial cells through which gases diffuse into the surrounding capillaries

A

Single

89
Q

Wind pipe

A

Trachea

90
Q

Passage of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lung

A

Bronchus

91
Q

Branches of bronchi into alveoli

A

Bronchioles

92
Q

Air sacs

A

Alveoli

93
Q

______ is the mechanical process of moving air from the environment into the lungs

A

Breathing

94
Q

______ is the body cavity in which the lungs are located

A

Thoracic cavity

95
Q

______ run along the ribs, defined the sides of the theocratic cavity

A

Intercostal muscles

96
Q

______ defines the bottom of the thoracic cavity

A

Diaphragm

97
Q

_______ is a lid like cartilaginous structure that covers the entrance to the ______ and separates it from the pharynx
Folds to prevent food going into the ______ and instead directs it to the ______

A

Epiglottis
Larynx
Trachea
Esophagus

98
Q

_______ combine reversible with oxygen and greatly increase the capacity of blood transport oxygen

A

Respiratory pigments

99
Q

______ is an iron containing protein found in red blood cells of vertebrates and some invertebrates

A

Hemoglobin

100
Q

Hemoglobin is composed of 4 polypeptide chains typically _______ and ______ which is attached to a ______ ring

A

2 alpha
2 beta chains
Heme

101
Q

An oxygen molecule attaches to the iron atom in each heme to form ______ (99% of hemoglobin)

A

Oxyhemoglobin

102
Q

Carbon dioxide transport is catalyzed in red blood cells by ______

A

Carbonic anhydrase

103
Q

Somatic capillaries donate oxygen to tissues and collect carbon dioxide

A

Molecular exchange in tissues

104
Q

Alveolar capillaries pick up oxygen for circulation and they give carbon dioxide to areole for exhalation

A

Molecular exchange in the lungs

105
Q

______ can be used for people who have stopped breaking due to drowning, smoke inhalation, or electric shock

A

Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation

106
Q

______ is a method of aiding victims of respiratory and cardiac arrest

A

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

107
Q

______ is inflammation of the main air passages to the lungs

A

Chronic bronchitis

108
Q

_______ is tissues necessary to support the physical shape and function of the lungs are destroying causing shortness of breath

A

Pulmonary emphysema

109
Q

______ occurrence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

110
Q

_______ uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung

A

Lung cancer

111
Q

______ is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and bronchospasm

A

Asthma

112
Q

Asthma is caused by ______ to common allergies

A

Allergic hypersensitivity

113
Q

_______ is a pleiotropic disease
Caused by genetic mutation in the chloride ion transporter
Thick and sticky mucus that Nicole’s in the airways which makes bacteria grow and cause infections

A

Cystic fibrosis

Bio II (4 decks)

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