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NRS 250: Exam 1 > Module 9: Homeostasis of Organ Systems > Flashcards

Module 9: Homeostasis of Organ Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Homeostasis

A

the ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite changes in internal or external environment

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2
Q

Define Steady State and Set Points

A

Steady State: a small range of internal conditions balanced within the body as a whole

setpoints: ideal internal conditions that are necessary to keep the body healthy
i. e. body temp 37C, blood pH 7.4

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3
Q

General Pathway of Homeostatic Control

A
  1. Stimulator
  2. Sensor
  3. Control Center
  4. Effector (target)
  5. Response
  • Negative Feedback: counteracts
  • Positive Feedback: amplifies
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4
Q

Endocrine System: Major Structures, Organs, and Functions

A
  • Structures and major organs
    • hypothalamus
    • anterior and posterior pituitary
    • thyroid gland
    • parathyroid glands
    • adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
    • pancreas
    • gonads
  • Functions:
    • hormonal regulation of growth, metabolism, reproduction, organ system regulation and changes, homeostasis (on a long time scale)
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5
Q

Define: hormone

A

chemical released into the blood to regulate distant target cells

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6
Q

Define: Endocrinology

A

The study of hormones and endocrine glands

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7
Q
A
  1. Pineal Gland
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Pituiatry Gland
  4. Thyroid Gland
  5. Parathyroid Gland
  6. Thymus
  7. Adrenal Gland
  8. Pancreas
  9. Gonads
  10. Ovary
  11. Testes
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8
Q

General Hormone Pathway

A

Stimulus: Variable(s) that trigger a change in the pathway

Sensor: detects change in variable

Control Center: endocrine gland(s) produce and release hormones

Effector (target): organ(s) or systems that change in response to hormone

Response: Change in variables

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9
Q

Organization of the Peripheral Nervous System

A

(nerves and receptors outside of the CNS)

  • Afferent Division (into the brain/spinal cord)
    • somatic sensory receptors/neurons
    • visceral receptors/neurons
    • special sensory receptors/neurons
  • Efferent Divison (out of brain/spinal cord)
    • somatic motor neurons/effectors
    • autonomic neurons/effectors
      • sympathetic
      • parasympathetic
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10
Q

Afferent Division

A

(into the brain/spinal cord)

  • somatic sensory receptors/neurons
  • visceral receptors/neurons
  • special sensory receptors/neurons
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11
Q

Efferent Divison

A

(out of brain/spinal cord)

  • somatic motor neurons/effectors
  • autonomic neurons/effectors
    • sympathetic
    • parasympathetic
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12
Q

Definition and Function: Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • part of the efferent nervous sytem which controls responses of organs and glands
    • sympathetic
    • parasympathetic
  • Function:
    • involuntary regulation of homeostasis
    • controls responses in cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, endocrine glands, adipose tissue
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13
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System Functions

A

Part of autonomic nervous system

  • INCREASE BLOOD FLOW TO MUSCLES
    • increase HR
    • increase force of heart contraction
    • increase BP
  • OPEN AIRWAYS
    • increase oxygen
  • INCREASE DISTANCE VISION
    • dilate pupils
  • INCREASED METABOLIC PREPARATION
    • increased release of blood sugar and fat
    • increased sweat to anticipate excess heat production
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14
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System Targets

A
  1. sweat glands: increased secretion
  2. arrector pili muscle: goosebumps
  3. cardiovascular system:
    1. increased blood flow to brain, heart, lungs, muscles, skin
    2. decreased blood flow to urinary, digestive system
    3. increased heart rate, heart contraction, blood pressure
  4. respiratory system: increased airflow
  5. digestive system: decreased activity and secretions, breakdown nutrient stores
  6. skeletal muscle: increased contraction force, increased acetylcholine release
  7. adipose tissue: fat breakdown
  8. urinary system: decreased urine output due to decreased GFR
  9. Reproductive System: increased secretion, male ejaculation
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15
Q

SNS and the Adrenal Medulla

A
  • timing and intensity of the SNS response is enhance dby the Adrenal Medulla
    • leads to longer lasting effect
  • SNS pre-ganglionic neurons target the adrenal medulla
  • the adrenal medulla releases catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine (and some dopamine) into the blood stream
  • Epi and NorEpi effects enhances at SNS targets!!
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16
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System Functions

A
  1. CONSERVE ENERGY
    1. decreased HR
    2. decreased force of contraction of heart
    3. constrict airways
  2. INCREASED DIGESTION
    1. increased mucus, saliva and digestive secretions
    2. increased digestive motility and relax sphincters
  3. ADJUST FOR NEAR VISION
    1. constrict the pupils
  4. PREPARE FOR SEXUAL ACTIVITY
    1. increased blood flow to erectile tissues
    2. increased apocrine (stinky) sweat glands (armpits and genitals)
17
Q

PSNS Targets

A

PSNS =parasympathetic nervous system

  1. l_acrimal glands_: increased tear production
  2. cardiovascular system: decreased HR,
    1. decreased contraction
    2. decreased BP
  3. Respiraotory system: decreased airflow
  4. Salivary Glands: increased secretion
  5. Digestive System: increased activity, motility
    1. increased secretion
    2. increased nutrient storage
  6. Reproductive System: increased secretion
    1. erection
18
Q

Chemical Signaling in the SNS

A
  • pre-ganglionic neurotransmitter: acetylcholine
  • post-ganglionic neurotransmitter: norepinephrine aka “noradrenaline”
    • this is why this is called adrenergic signaling
19
Q

Chemical Signaling of the PSNS

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

  • pre-ganglionic neurotransmitter: acetylcholine
  • post-ganglionic neurotransmitter: acetylcholine
    • this is why this called cholinergic signaling
20
Q

Cholinergic Receptors

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

  • cholinergic receptors are specific to acetylcholine
    • Nicotinic Receptors (nAChR’s):
      • skeletal muscle
      • 5 subunits in various combinations
      • receptor ion channels
    • Muscarinic Receptors:
      • form G-protein coupled receptor complexes
      • 5 types: M1-M5
21
Q

Adrenergic Receptors

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

  • adrenergic receptors are specific to norepinephrine and epinephrine
  • 5 types: alpha1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2, beta 3

NRS 250: Exam 1 (11 decks)

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