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NRS 250: Exam 1 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Merocrine Gland

A

secretory vesicles released from golgi body to plasma membrane, exocytosis of individual vesciles to lumen or surface

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2
Q

Apocrine Gland

A

secretory vesicles released from golgi body, entire cell surface breaks off

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3
Q

Holocrine Gland

A

secretory vesicles released from golgi body, entire cell bursts open to release contents

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4
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

moves a molecule against its concentration gradient by using the concentration gradient of another molecule -indirectly uses ATP

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5
Q

Symport

A

Type of Secondary active transport molecule moves in the same direction as its partner ion, “piggybacks” e.g. Na/K pump creates NA gradient in ECF, Na rushes back into cell with glucose via sodium glucose transporter

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6
Q

Antiport

A
  • type of secondary active transport molecule moves in the opposite direction of its partner ion, “swap”, or exchange, countertransport
  • Ex. Sodium/Calcium exchanger
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7
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

a carrier protein splits ATP directly in order to move a molecule against its concentration gradient i.e. Na/K pump NOKIA

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8
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

passive movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration using a channel these channels allow large or polar molecules to cross

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9
Q

Second Messenger Example: Ca2+

A
  1. **First Messenger** Ligand binds to extracellular receptor
  2. Ligand receptor complex activates G-protein
  3. Activated G-protein reacts with GTP to activate Phospholipase C
  4. Phospholipase C converts DAG to IP3
  5. IP3 mobilizes Ca2+ from intracellular stores
  6. **Second Messenger** Ca2+ activates calmodulin
  7. Calmodulin modifies proteins within the cell
  8. Changes in cellular rxns and metabolic pathways occur
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10
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • contains ribosomes on its surface
  • responsible for most of the cell’s protein synthesis, folding and sensing cellular stress
  • it also synthesizes and stores proteins and glycoproteins
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11
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

no ribosomes or ribonucleic acis

  • contains enzymes for the creation of steroid hormones and remove toxic substances from the cell
  • synthesizes and stores lipids, fatty acids, carbohydrates
  • drug detoxification
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12
Q

Cell Adhesion Molecules

A

Adhesion proteins on the surface of cells that hold cells together and binds cells to the extracellular matrix

3 types:

  1. desmosomes
  2. tight junctions
  3. gap junctions
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13
Q

Desmosomes

A

anchor two cells together with cell adhesion molecules

prevent the overstretching of tissue

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14
Q

Tight Junction

A

seal two cells together with small proteins

prevent leakage between cells

form tight barrier

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15
Q

Gap Junction

A

cytoplasm of cells is directly linked by a connecton protein

connecton protein essentially forms a tunnel between the two cells

allows for direct communication between cells

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16
Q

Proteasome

A

enzyme that breaks down proteins marked by ubiquitin

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17
Q

Peroxisome

A

catabolizes fats and organic compounds

neutralizes the toxic compounds generated in the process

produce antioxidants**

these are smaller than lysosomes

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18
Q

lysosome

A

membrane-bound organelle that carries over 40 digestive enzymes that are activated by Ca2+

also contains hydrolases which function best at an acidic pH

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19
Q

mitogen

A

induces or stimulates mitosis, cell growth, differentiation and survival

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20
Q

growth factors

A

stimualte increased cell mass and cell growth (via protein synthesis)

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21
Q

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

A

G1/S: prevents entry into S phase

G2/M: prevents entry into mitosis

Metaphase: prevents entry into anaphase

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22
Q

Mitosis Phase Order

A

Interphase

Prophase

Prometaphase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

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23
Q

Prophase/Prometaphase

A

Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down

centrosomes move toward opposite poles

mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores

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24
Q

Prometaphase

A
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25
Metaphase
chromosomes are lined up in the middle
26
Anaphase
centromeres split in two sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles
27
Telophase
chromosomes arrive at opposite ends and begin to decondense nuclear envelope envelopes each separate group of chromosomes
28
interphase
resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell also occurs between the first and second divison of meiosis G1, S, G2 or G0 G1 = longest phase can last days to years S, G2= prepare for mitosis and are committed to mitosis OR you enter G0 which is a non-dividing phase
29
Meiosis
* cell division in reproductive cells * invovles 2 complete rounds of nuclear and cell division * begins with early reproductive stem cells * formation of _haploid_ gametes (single copy of each chromosome) * _Tetrad formation/chiasma_: duplicated chromosomes touch and exchange genetic material * _Independent assortment_: maternal and paternal homologues of chromosomes are randomly separated rather than being sorted * \*\*gametes are not identical--\> _allow for genetic variation due to recombination_
30
Signals that regulate entry into the different phrases, daily progression, and allow time to repair are:
* cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases as well as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors * APC/C and SCF ubiquitin ligases
31
Epithelial Tissue
* Function: * covering, lining, secreting * protection, permeability, absorption, secretion, filtration, and sensation * no blood vessels (avascular) * lots of sensory innervation * LOTS of regeneration
32
Simple Squamous
* lines body cavities i.e. mesothelium * lines major organs i.e. alveoli, heart, bowman's capsule of the kidney
33
Stratified Squamous
mouth, rectum, vagina, skin, esophagus
34
Simple Cuboidal
glands, kidney tubules, covers the ovaries
35
stratified cuboidal
sweat glands
36
simple columnar
line digestive tract, uterine tubules, gall bladder
37
stratified columnar
large ducts of glands (i.e. salivary glands)
38
Pseudostratified columnar
upper respiratory tract, male urethra
39
transitional epithelium
bladder, lines the ureters, renal pelvis
40
4 Tissue Types
1. Epithelial: covering, lining, secreting 2. Connective: support, structure, energy storage, material transport 3. Muscular: movement/contractions 4. Nervous: electrical signals
41
stem cells
* are multipotent * undergo cell divison with some asymmetric division * then they migrate via c**_hemotaxis_** and _contact guidance_ * then adhesion occurs: * cells remain in place attached to each other and to the extracellular matrix
42
Passive Membrane Transport
1. Simple Diffusion: small, non-polar molecules move from high concentration to low concentration 2. osmosis: passive movement of water down its concentration gradient 3. Facilitated Diffusion: large or polar molecules that cannot cross the phospholipid bilayer on their own move from areas of high concentration to low concentration using a channel
43
Tissue Type?
Fibrocartilage Location: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
44
Tissue Type
Dense irregular location: deep dermis, joint capsules ·Matrix: randomly arranged bundles of collagen fibers Cells: fibroblasts ·Function: resists multidirectional stress
45
Tissue Type?
Dense Regular Connective Tissue Location: ligaments and tendons ·Matrix: parallel bundles of collagen fibers· Cells: fibroblasts
46
Tissue Type?
Hyaline Cartilage Location: articulating surfaces and trachea, cartilage of the nose
47
Tissue Type?
Areolar Connective Tissue type of loose connective tissue location: surrounds blood and lymph vessels Found “everywhere” – under epithelium, around organs and blood vessels cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells Matrix: fluid-gel containing all fiber types
48
Tissue Type
Reticular Connective Tissue Type of Loose connective tissue location: liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow Function: form soft supportive skeleton for organs
49
Tissue Type?
Elastic Cartilage Type of Supporting Connective Tissue Location: exterior ear, epiglottis of larynx Function: involved in detecting and producing sound
50
Cytokinesis Phases general
Anaphase and Telophase and after
51
Oncotic Pressure
the overall osmotic pressue due to plasma proteins
52
Osmolarity vs. Osmolality
* Osmolarity: (mOsm/L) solutes per volume * Osmolality: (mOsm/kg) solutes per weight * preferred for dense solutions like plasma * Normal Values: * intracellular: 280-294 mOsm/kg * extracellular: 280-294 mOsm/kg
53
Effective Osmolality
can the solute pass across the membrane and enter the cell, or will it stay in the blood? * permeable: enters and reaches an equilibrium * non-permable: stays and effectively contributes to osmotic pressure
54
Tonicity
the effect of a solution (plasma/ECF) on a cell (ICF) * isotonic: no effect * hypotonic solution: cell gains water and swells * hypertonic solution: cell loses water and shrinks
55
Types of Endocytosis (4)
1. pinocytosis: uptake of fluid, ECF 2. phagocytosis: large particles, debris, or pathogens are engulfed 3. receptor mediated endocytosis: specific uptake of target molecules with the assistance of surface protein receptors (clathrins) 4. Caveolae-mediated endocytosis: microdomains of membrane compartmentalize (membrane envaginations called caveolae) certain molecules ( driven by cavins, a type of peripheral membrane proteins )
56
Filtration
movement of water and solutes due to high pressure
57
3 Catabolic Phases of Metabolism
1. (Phase 1) food breakdown: 1. breadown of macromolecules in food via digestion 2. (Phase 2): glycolysis: 1. simple sugars broken down into pyruvate 1. does NOT require oxygen, but limited to 2 ATP 2. occurs in the cytosol 3. Without oxygen or mitochondira pyruvate will be reduced to lactic acid 4. with oxygen pyruvate will get oxidized and become acetyl-CoA 3. (Phase 3): Citric Acid (Kreb's) Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation 1. requires oxygen 2. produces waste: CO2, H2O, NH3, and urea 3. ATP = 18-34+ 4. Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cucle within mitochondria 1. yields NADH 2. NADH then completes final step in the electron transport chain located in the mitochondiral membrane
58
Second Messenger Example: cAMP
1. \*\*First messenger\*\* Ligand binds to extracellular receptor located in the cell membrane 2. ligand receptor complex activates the G-protein 3. G-protein reacts with GTP to activate adenylyl cyclase 4. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP 5. \*\*Second Messenger\*\* cAMP activates protein kinases 6. protein kinases phosphorylate proteins within the cell 7. Change in cellular reactions and metabolic pathways
59
Direct Gene Activation Example: Steroid Hormones
1. Hormone detaches from carrier protein 2. Hormone enters cell (small, nonpolar can cross phospholipid bilayer) 3. Hormone binds to intracellular receptor, forming hormone-receptor complex 4. Hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA 5. DNA transcription of mRNA is affected 6. mRNA is translated to proteins 7. Changes in cellular reactions and metabolic pathway
60
Endocrine Gland
Secrete INTO tissue layers, then diffuses into blood stream ductless, secrete hormons e.g. thryoid, pituitary, adrenal
61
Exocrine Glands
Secrete OUT of tissue layers onto body surface or lumen duct present, secrete mucus, oil, other body fluids e.g. sweat and oil glands, goblet cells
62
ependymal cells
(Central Nervous System) line cavities of brain and psinal cord produce small amounts of CSF beat CSF around with villi
63
microglia
(Central Nervous System) type of protective macrophase small only immune cell allowed within the CNS
64
Satellite Cells
(Peripheral Nervous System) help control immediate environment and neuronal cells cover ganglia cell bodies
65
Astrocytes
(Central Nervous System) form the blood brain barrier cling to neurons and capillaries in order to hold them close to the nutrient supply act as support/scaffolding bind everything together
66
oligodendrocytes
(Central Nervous System) create myelin sheaths for nerves within the CNS can myelinate multiple points on one axon or on multiple axons
67
Schwann Cells
(Peripheral Nervous System) form myelin sheaths for one segment of one axon phagocytes important role in nerve repair
68
Neuroglia
cells that surround and support neurons
69
Skeletal Muscle
* found attached to bones of the skeleton •voluntary, striated, multinucleate, long cylindrical cells
70
Cardiac Muscle
* found in the heart * involuntary, striated, cylindrical and branching cells, single nucleus * intercalated discs
71
Smooth Muscle
* found in digestive tract, uterus, urinary bladder, blood vessels * involuntary, non-striated, single central nucleus, spindle shaped cells

NRS 250: Exam 1 (11 decks)

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