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NRS 250: Exam 1 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Merocrine Gland

A

secretory vesicles released from golgi body to plasma membrane, exocytosis of individual vesciles to lumen or surface

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2
Q

Apocrine Gland

A

secretory vesicles released from golgi body, entire cell surface breaks off

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3
Q

Holocrine Gland

A

secretory vesicles released from golgi body, entire cell bursts open to release contents

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4
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

moves a molecule against its concentration gradient by using the concentration gradient of another molecule -indirectly uses ATP

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5
Q

Symport

A

Type of Secondary active transport molecule moves in the same direction as its partner ion, “piggybacks” e.g. Na/K pump creates NA gradient in ECF, Na rushes back into cell with glucose via sodium glucose transporter

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6
Q

Antiport

A
  • type of secondary active transport molecule moves in the opposite direction of its partner ion, “swap”, or exchange, countertransport
  • Ex. Sodium/Calcium exchanger
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7
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

a carrier protein splits ATP directly in order to move a molecule against its concentration gradient i.e. Na/K pump NOKIA

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8
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

passive movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration using a channel these channels allow large or polar molecules to cross

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9
Q

Second Messenger Example: Ca2+

A
  1. **First Messenger** Ligand binds to extracellular receptor
  2. Ligand receptor complex activates G-protein
  3. Activated G-protein reacts with GTP to activate Phospholipase C
  4. Phospholipase C converts DAG to IP3
  5. IP3 mobilizes Ca2+ from intracellular stores
  6. **Second Messenger** Ca2+ activates calmodulin
  7. Calmodulin modifies proteins within the cell
  8. Changes in cellular rxns and metabolic pathways occur
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10
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • contains ribosomes on its surface
  • responsible for most of the cell’s protein synthesis, folding and sensing cellular stress
  • it also synthesizes and stores proteins and glycoproteins
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11
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

no ribosomes or ribonucleic acis

  • contains enzymes for the creation of steroid hormones and remove toxic substances from the cell
  • synthesizes and stores lipids, fatty acids, carbohydrates
  • drug detoxification
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12
Q

Cell Adhesion Molecules

A

Adhesion proteins on the surface of cells that hold cells together and binds cells to the extracellular matrix

3 types:

  1. desmosomes
  2. tight junctions
  3. gap junctions
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13
Q

Desmosomes

A

anchor two cells together with cell adhesion molecules

prevent the overstretching of tissue

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14
Q

Tight Junction

A

seal two cells together with small proteins

prevent leakage between cells

form tight barrier

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15
Q

Gap Junction

A

cytoplasm of cells is directly linked by a connecton protein

connecton protein essentially forms a tunnel between the two cells

allows for direct communication between cells

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16
Q

Proteasome

A

enzyme that breaks down proteins marked by ubiquitin

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17
Q

Peroxisome

A

catabolizes fats and organic compounds

neutralizes the toxic compounds generated in the process

produce antioxidants**

these are smaller than lysosomes

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18
Q

lysosome

A

membrane-bound organelle that carries over 40 digestive enzymes that are activated by Ca2+

also contains hydrolases which function best at an acidic pH

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19
Q

mitogen

A

induces or stimulates mitosis, cell growth, differentiation and survival

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20
Q

growth factors

A

stimualte increased cell mass and cell growth (via protein synthesis)

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21
Q

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

A

G1/S: prevents entry into S phase

G2/M: prevents entry into mitosis

Metaphase: prevents entry into anaphase

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22
Q

Mitosis Phase Order

A

Interphase

Prophase

Prometaphase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

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23
Q

Prophase/Prometaphase

A

Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down

centrosomes move toward opposite poles

mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores

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24
Q

Prometaphase

A
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25
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes are lined up in the middle

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26
Q

Anaphase

A

centromeres split in two

sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles

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27
Q

Telophase

A

chromosomes arrive at opposite ends and begin to decondense

nuclear envelope envelopes each separate group of chromosomes

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28
Q

interphase

A

resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell

also occurs between the first and second divison of meiosis

G1, S, G2 or G0

G1 = longest phase can last days to years

S, G2= prepare for mitosis and are committed to mitosis

OR you enter G0 which is a non-dividing phase

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29
Q

Meiosis

A
  • cell division in reproductive cells
    • invovles 2 complete rounds of nuclear and cell division
  • begins with early reproductive stem cells
  • formation of haploid gametes (single copy of each chromosome)
  • Tetrad formation/chiasma: duplicated chromosomes touch and exchange genetic material
  • Independent assortment: maternal and paternal homologues of chromosomes are randomly separated rather than being sorted
  • **gametes are not identical–> allow for genetic variation due to recombination
30
Q

Signals that regulate entry into the different phrases, daily progression, and allow time to repair are:

A
  • cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases as well as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors
  • APC/C and SCF ubiquitin ligases
31
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A
  • Function:
    • covering, lining, secreting
      • protection, permeability, absorption, secretion, filtration, and sensation
  • no blood vessels (avascular)
  • lots of sensory innervation
  • LOTS of regeneration
32
Q

Simple Squamous

A
  • lines body cavities i.e. mesothelium
  • lines major organs i.e. alveoli, heart, bowman’s capsule of the kidney
33
Q

Stratified Squamous

A

mouth, rectum, vagina, skin, esophagus

34
Q

Simple Cuboidal

A

glands, kidney tubules, covers the ovaries

35
Q

stratified cuboidal

A

sweat glands

36
Q

simple columnar

A

line digestive tract, uterine tubules, gall bladder

37
Q

stratified columnar

A

large ducts of glands (i.e. salivary glands)

38
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

A

upper respiratory tract, male urethra

39
Q

transitional epithelium

A

bladder, lines the ureters, renal pelvis

40
Q

4 Tissue Types

A
  1. Epithelial: covering, lining, secreting
  2. Connective: support, structure, energy storage, material transport
  3. Muscular: movement/contractions
  4. Nervous: electrical signals
41
Q

stem cells

A
  • are multipotent
    • undergo cell divison with some asymmetric division
    • then they migrate via chemotaxis and contact guidance
    • then adhesion occurs:
      • cells remain in place attached to each other and to the extracellular matrix
42
Q

Passive Membrane Transport

A
  1. Simple Diffusion: small, non-polar molecules move from high concentration to low concentration
  2. osmosis: passive movement of water down its concentration gradient
  3. Facilitated Diffusion: large or polar molecules that cannot cross the phospholipid bilayer on their own move from areas of high concentration to low concentration using a channel
43
Q

Tissue Type?

A

Fibrocartilage

Location: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

44
Q

Tissue Type

A

Dense irregular

location: deep dermis, joint capsules

·Matrix: randomly arranged bundles of collagen fibers

Cells: fibroblasts

·Function: resists multidirectional stress

45
Q

Tissue Type?

A

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Location: ligaments and tendons

·Matrix: parallel bundles of collagen fibers·

Cells: fibroblasts

46
Q

Tissue Type?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

Location: articulating surfaces and trachea, cartilage of the nose

47
Q

Tissue Type?

A

Areolar Connective Tissue

type of loose connective tissue

location: surrounds blood and lymph vessels

Found “everywhere” – under epithelium, around organs and blood vessels

cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells

Matrix: fluid-gel containing all fiber types

48
Q

Tissue Type

A

Reticular Connective Tissue

Type of Loose connective tissue

location: liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

Function: form soft supportive skeleton for organs

49
Q

Tissue Type?

A

Elastic Cartilage

Type of Supporting Connective Tissue

Location: exterior ear, epiglottis of larynx

Function: involved in detecting and producing sound

50
Q

Cytokinesis Phases general

A

Anaphase and Telophase and after

51
Q

Oncotic Pressure

A

the overall osmotic pressue due to plasma proteins

52
Q

Osmolarity vs. Osmolality

A
  • Osmolarity: (mOsm/L) solutes per volume
  • Osmolality: (mOsm/kg) solutes per weight
    • preferred for dense solutions like plasma
      • Normal Values:
        • intracellular: 280-294 mOsm/kg
        • extracellular: 280-294 mOsm/kg
53
Q

Effective Osmolality

A

can the solute pass across the membrane and enter the cell, or will it stay in the blood?

  • permeable: enters and reaches an equilibrium
  • non-permable: stays and effectively contributes to osmotic pressure
54
Q

Tonicity

A

the effect of a solution (plasma/ECF) on a cell (ICF)

  • isotonic: no effect
  • hypotonic solution: cell gains water and swells
  • hypertonic solution: cell loses water and shrinks
55
Q

Types of Endocytosis (4)

A
  1. pinocytosis: uptake of fluid, ECF
  2. phagocytosis: large particles, debris, or pathogens are engulfed
  3. receptor mediated endocytosis: specific uptake of target molecules with the assistance of surface protein receptors (clathrins)
  4. Caveolae-mediated endocytosis: microdomains of membrane compartmentalize (membrane envaginations called caveolae) certain molecules ( driven by cavins, a type of peripheral membrane proteins )
56
Q

Filtration

A

movement of water and solutes due to high pressure

57
Q

3 Catabolic Phases of Metabolism

A
  1. (Phase 1) food breakdown:
    1. breadown of macromolecules in food via digestion
  2. (Phase 2): glycolysis:
    1. simple sugars broken down into pyruvate
      1. does NOT require oxygen, but limited to 2 ATP
      2. occurs in the cytosol
      3. Without oxygen or mitochondira pyruvate will be reduced to lactic acid
      4. with oxygen pyruvate will get oxidized and become acetyl-CoA
  3. (Phase 3): Citric Acid (Kreb’s) Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation
    1. requires oxygen
    2. produces waste: CO2, H2O, NH3, and urea
    3. ATP = 18-34+
    4. Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cucle within mitochondria
      1. yields NADH
      2. NADH then completes final step in the electron transport chain located in the mitochondiral membrane
58
Q

Second Messenger Example: cAMP

A
  1. **First messenger** Ligand binds to extracellular receptor located in the cell membrane
  2. ligand receptor complex activates the G-protein
  3. G-protein reacts with GTP to activate adenylyl cyclase
  4. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
  5. **Second Messenger** cAMP activates protein kinases
  6. protein kinases phosphorylate proteins within the cell
  7. Change in cellular reactions and metabolic pathways
59
Q

Direct Gene Activation Example: Steroid Hormones

A
  1. Hormone detaches from carrier protein
  2. Hormone enters cell (small, nonpolar can cross phospholipid bilayer)
  3. Hormone binds to intracellular receptor, forming hormone-receptor complex
  4. Hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA
  5. DNA transcription of mRNA is affected
  6. mRNA is translated to proteins
  7. Changes in cellular reactions and metabolic pathway
60
Q

Endocrine Gland

A

Secrete INTO tissue layers, then diffuses into blood stream

ductless, secrete hormons

e.g. thryoid, pituitary, adrenal

61
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Secrete OUT of tissue layers onto body surface or lumen

duct present, secrete mucus, oil, other body fluids

e.g. sweat and oil glands, goblet cells

62
Q

ependymal cells

A

(Central Nervous System)

line cavities of brain and psinal cord

produce small amounts of CSF

beat CSF around with villi

63
Q

microglia

A

(Central Nervous System)

type of protective macrophase

small

only immune cell allowed within the CNS

64
Q

Satellite Cells

A

(Peripheral Nervous System)

help control immediate environment and neuronal cells

cover ganglia cell bodies

65
Q

Astrocytes

A

(Central Nervous System)

form the blood brain barrier

cling to neurons and capillaries in order to hold them close to the nutrient supply

act as support/scaffolding

bind everything together

66
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

(Central Nervous System)

create myelin sheaths for nerves within the CNS

can myelinate multiple points on one axon or on multiple axons

67
Q

Schwann Cells

A

(Peripheral Nervous System)

form myelin sheaths for one segment of one axon

phagocytes

important role in nerve repair

68
Q

Neuroglia

A

cells that surround and support neurons

69
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A
  • found attached to bones of the skeleton

•voluntary, striated, multinucleate, long cylindrical cells

70
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • found in the heart
  • involuntary, striated, cylindrical and branching cells, single nucleus
  • intercalated discs
71
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • found in digestive tract, uterus, urinary bladder, blood vessels
  • involuntary, non-striated, single central nucleus, spindle shaped cells

NRS 250: Exam 1 (11 decks)

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