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Biochemistry and molecular science > Module 9 > Flashcards

Module 9 Flashcards

DNA structure and function

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are A and G in DNA bases

A

Purines

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2
Q

What are T and C in DNA bases

A

pyrimidines

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3
Q

What biological processes involve DNA

A

Transcription, replication, recombination, repair, regulation

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4
Q

What processes involve RNA

A

transcription, dna replication, translation, regulation of gene expression, splicing machinery, some viruses

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5
Q

Structures of RNA

A

hairpins and loop and helix

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6
Q

What is ribosome made of

A

RNA(majority) and protein

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7
Q

What is nucleotide for

A

RNA AND DNA

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8
Q

What is AMP

A

adenosine mono phosphate

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9
Q

What ribose different from deoxy

A

there is a hydroxyl groupon the sugar

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10
Q

What does adenine and guanine have (purines)

A

two cyclic structures

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11
Q

What does cytosine, thymine and uracil have (pyrimidine)

A

one cyclic (N and C alternate)

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12
Q

What is the alternative for thymine in RNA

A

uracil (one methyl group less)

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13
Q

What is the structure difference in thymine

A

one methyl and 2 ketone (most complicated)

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14
Q

What is the structure difference in cytosine

A

a ketone

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15
Q

What is the structure difference of uracil

A

2 ketone

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16
Q

What is the difference between adenine and guamine

A

adenine have amide while guanine is amide and ketone

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17
Q

why are there 5’ and 3’ in DNA

A

they are connect to phosphate in 5’ and 3’

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18
Q

How many bond does AT bond have

A

2

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19
Q

How bond what GC bond have

A

3

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20
Q

what can do base pairing

A

only nucleic acid

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21
Q

What does S stand for in DNA replication

A

synthesis where the replication occurs

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22
Q

How is DNA synthesised

A

using DNA polymerases

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23
Q

What do the DNA polymerase I have

A

smaller

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24
Q

What does DNA polymerase III contain

A

larger with other proteins, clamp loader and sliding clamp( called dna machinery) to work longer

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25
Q

What coordinate phosphate group

A

Mg2+(coordinated by asp)

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26
Q

How is the backbone formed

A

O in the backbone attacks the phosphate group.

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27
Q

where does replication occur

A

the O at the 3’

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28
Q

Which polymerase is faster

A

polymerase, and process longer

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29
Q

Which polymerase can 3’>5’ exnuclease(remove base) (proofreading)

A

I & III

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30
Q

Which polymerase can 5’>3’ exnuclease(remove base)

A

I

31
Q

What does 5’ to 3’ exonuclease do

A

Repairing bases, change bases

32
Q

What is DNaA protein

A

unwind dna at the beginning

33
Q

DnaB protein (helicase)

A

unwind DNA

34
Q

What is primase for

A

synthesis of primer

35
Q

What is origin of replication

A

It is where the replication intiate

36
Q

What is the replication bubble for

A

It is how it start replication

37
Q

What is the replication forks

A

it is at the end of the replication bubble

38
Q

oriC

A

origin for prokaryote(ecoli)

39
Q

How does DNaA start

A

it will twist the DNA

40
Q

What is AT base pair important for replication

A

because it is weaker

41
Q

How many subunits does helicase have

A

6

42
Q

What is DNA topoiisomerase (DNA gyrase for)

A

relieve tension from the unwinding

43
Q

What is single stranded binding protein for (SSB)

A

to protect from other nuclease attack, prevent from returning to double strand

44
Q

Where are polymerase III

A

Both leading and lagging strand

45
Q

How does the new strand grow,

A

5’ to 3’

46
Q

Where does the polymerase III start replicating

A

start from the 3’ of the new strand

47
Q

Where is the leading strand

A

start from 3 of the strand

48
Q

where is the lagging strand

A

the 5’ of the strand

49
Q

What is the replication of the lagging strand

A

discontinous

50
Q

What is the use of polymerase for

A

remove primer and replace it with dna

51
Q

What joins the DNA

A

DNA ligase (phosphodiester backbone)

52
Q

What does the clamp loader do

A

Holds all the sliding clamp

53
Q

What are the beta clamp release for

A

for adding okazaki fragment

54
Q

What is the one old strand replicating one new strand

A

They are semi-conservative strand

55
Q

How can replication be accurate

A

Binding of the nucleotide, proofreading and repair

56
Q

What is proofreading activity

A

the wrong base to be removed as d*TP by attaching the base onto a different site in polyermerase

57
Q

What is the special exonuclease activity of Pol I

A

It can remove bases and replace bases

58
Q

What techniques does molecular biology do

A

Cloning, amplifyDNA (PCR), sequence DNA, RNA and protein uses

59
Q

What does cloning mean

A

cloning exact DNA, plasmid are used (hold pieces of DNA)

60
Q

What sequence must plasmid have

A

ORI, Ampr(antibiotic resistance), restriction site

61
Q

What are restriction enzyme

A

recognises restriction site

62
Q

What is palindrome sequence

A

The exact base pairs on both sides GATTC (sticky ends) and there are blunt ends.

63
Q

What is recombinant

A

adding dna into the dna

64
Q

How to insert piece of chromosome into plasmid

A

cut both vector plasmid and chromosome, and ligase them together(called recombinant vector).

transformation

65
Q

What is transformation

A

mix dna and bacteria usising chemicals or electric shock

66
Q

How to express protein from a vector

A

a promoter, so bacteria can binding to it and translate it

67
Q

Waht is a polylinker

A

a section is many restriction enzyme site

68
Q

What is the restriction site

A

It is where it is recognized and cleaved

69
Q

What use can you do for proteins

A

assays, organism, human cells

70
Q

How do you get license

A

from gene technology regulator

71
Q

What does PCR stand for

A

polymerase chain reaction

72
Q

What is needed for PCR

A

All from nature, Primers, taq DNA polymerase, DNA

73
Q

What is PCR for

A

amplify DNA, pathogens, virus, fingerprinting testing, population of animals, clone into a plasmid, combine with RT-PCR

Biochemistry and molecular science (12 decks)

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