Module 9 Flashcards
DNA structure and function
What are A and G in DNA bases
Purines
What are T and C in DNA bases
pyrimidines
What biological processes involve DNA
Transcription, replication, recombination, repair, regulation
What processes involve RNA
transcription, dna replication, translation, regulation of gene expression, splicing machinery, some viruses
Structures of RNA
hairpins and loop and helix
What is ribosome made of
RNA(majority) and protein
What is nucleotide for
RNA AND DNA
What is AMP
adenosine mono phosphate
What ribose different from deoxy
there is a hydroxyl groupon the sugar
What does adenine and guanine have (purines)
two cyclic structures
What does cytosine, thymine and uracil have (pyrimidine)
one cyclic (N and C alternate)
What is the alternative for thymine in RNA
uracil (one methyl group less)
What is the structure difference in thymine
one methyl and 2 ketone (most complicated)
What is the structure difference in cytosine
a ketone
What is the structure difference of uracil
2 ketone
What is the difference between adenine and guamine
adenine have amide while guanine is amide and ketone
why are there 5’ and 3’ in DNA
they are connect to phosphate in 5’ and 3’
How many bond does AT bond have
2
How bond what GC bond have
3
what can do base pairing
only nucleic acid
What does S stand for in DNA replication
synthesis where the replication occurs
How is DNA synthesised
using DNA polymerases
What do the DNA polymerase I have
smaller
What does DNA polymerase III contain
larger with other proteins, clamp loader and sliding clamp( called dna machinery) to work longer
What coordinate phosphate group
Mg2+(coordinated by asp)
How is the backbone formed
O in the backbone attacks the phosphate group.
where does replication occur
the O at the 3’
Which polymerase is faster
polymerase, and process longer
Which polymerase can 3’>5’ exnuclease(remove base) (proofreading)
I & III
Which polymerase can 5’>3’ exnuclease(remove base)
I
What does 5’ to 3’ exonuclease do
Repairing bases, change bases
What is DNaA protein
unwind dna at the beginning
DnaB protein (helicase)
unwind DNA
What is primase for
synthesis of primer
What is origin of replication
It is where the replication intiate
What is the replication bubble for
It is how it start replication
What is the replication forks
it is at the end of the replication bubble
oriC
origin for prokaryote(ecoli)
How does DNaA start
it will twist the DNA
What is AT base pair important for replication
because it is weaker
How many subunits does helicase have
6
What is DNA topoiisomerase (DNA gyrase for)
relieve tension from the unwinding
What is single stranded binding protein for (SSB)
to protect from other nuclease attack, prevent from returning to double strand
Where are polymerase III
Both leading and lagging strand
How does the new strand grow,
5’ to 3’
Where does the polymerase III start replicating
start from the 3’ of the new strand
Where is the leading strand
start from 3 of the strand
where is the lagging strand
the 5’ of the strand
What is the replication of the lagging strand
discontinous
What is the use of polymerase for
remove primer and replace it with dna
What joins the DNA
DNA ligase (phosphodiester backbone)
What does the clamp loader do
Holds all the sliding clamp
What are the beta clamp release for
for adding okazaki fragment
What is the one old strand replicating one new strand
They are semi-conservative strand
How can replication be accurate
Binding of the nucleotide, proofreading and repair
What is proofreading activity
the wrong base to be removed as d*TP by attaching the base onto a different site in polyermerase
What is the special exonuclease activity of Pol I
It can remove bases and replace bases
What techniques does molecular biology do
Cloning, amplifyDNA (PCR), sequence DNA, RNA and protein uses
What does cloning mean
cloning exact DNA, plasmid are used (hold pieces of DNA)
What sequence must plasmid have
ORI, Ampr(antibiotic resistance), restriction site
What are restriction enzyme
recognises restriction site
What is palindrome sequence
The exact base pairs on both sides GATTC (sticky ends) and there are blunt ends.
What is recombinant
adding dna into the dna
How to insert piece of chromosome into plasmid
cut both vector plasmid and chromosome, and ligase them together(called recombinant vector).
transformation
What is transformation
mix dna and bacteria usising chemicals or electric shock
How to express protein from a vector
a promoter, so bacteria can binding to it and translate it
Waht is a polylinker
a section is many restriction enzyme site
What is the restriction site
It is where it is recognized and cleaved
What use can you do for proteins
assays, organism, human cells
How do you get license
from gene technology regulator
What does PCR stand for
polymerase chain reaction
What is needed for PCR
All from nature, Primers, taq DNA polymerase, DNA
What is PCR for
amplify DNA, pathogens, virus, fingerprinting testing, population of animals, clone into a plasmid, combine with RT-PCR
