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Biochemistry and molecular science > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

carbohydrates

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the use of carbohydrates?

A

Source of energy/stored fuels (glycogen granules)

Provide structure to cells and organisms (cellulose in plants, chitin in arthropods)

Cell biology
-major component cell surface
Influence the function of proteins
recognition interaction

Information molecules

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2
Q

Why are cell surface sugar important

A

Cell-cell adhesion
Bacteria adhesion
Virus attachment to host cell
Binding of toxin to cell surface

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3
Q

What does gene encodes

A

Protein, no surgars

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4
Q

What defines monosaccharide

A

The simplest form of sugar (basic unit of carbohydrates)

Aldehyde or ketones that ahve 2 or more hydroxyl groups

[C-H2O]n (carbon hydrate)

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5
Q

What are aldose

A

aldehyde group

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6
Q

What are ketose

A

ketone

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7
Q

How to define glyceraldehyde

A

Has a single asymmetric (chiral) carbon atom

D- and L- are enantiomers or mirror images

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8
Q

What are the number of carbon atoms monosaccharides can have

A

More or equal to 3 carbon

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9
Q

What are 3 carbon sugars called

A

triose

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10
Q

What are 4 carbon sugars called

A

tetrose

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11
Q

What are 5 carbon sugars called

A

pentose

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12
Q

What are 6 carbon sugars called

A

hexose

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13
Q

What are 7 carbon sugars called

A

heptose

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14
Q

Which monosaccharides are most common

A

Hexose (6C)

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15
Q

How many asymmetric centers does hexose have?

A

4, 16 stereoisomers, Most are D isomers

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16
Q

3 most abundant hexose

A

D-glucose, D-mannose and D-galactose

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17
Q

What are the 2 tetrose aldose

A

2, Erythrose and threose

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18
Q

What are the 5C aldose

A

4, Ribose, arabinose, xylose, lyxose

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19
Q

What are the 6C sugars

A

8, allose, altrose, glucose, mannose, gulose, idose, galactose, talose

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20
Q

D-Erythrose

A

4C, OH like a E

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21
Q

D-Threose

A

4C, Left then right

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22
Q

D-Ribose

A

5C, All right side

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23
Q

D-arabinose

A

5C, Left right right

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24
Q

D-xylose

A

5C, Cris-cross right left right

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25
Q

D-lyxose

A

5C, Like arab, left left right

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26
Q

D-Allose

A

6C, All right

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27
Q

D-altrose

A

6C, top carbon left, the rest are right

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28
Q

D-Glucose

A

6C, La li la la

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29
Q

D-Mannose

A

6C, nn, so its 2 pairs, left left right right

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30
Q

D-gulose

A

6C, lose, almost the last Right right left right

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31
Q

D-Idose

A

6C, Reciprocate to say I do, left right left right

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32
Q

D-Galactose

A

6C, Like a galaxy edge, u shape, Right left left right

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33
Q

D-Talose

A

6C, All left except for for last

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34
Q

What are epimers

A

configuration around one carbon

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35
Q

Which hexose are epimers

A

D-mannose, D-glucose, D-galactose

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36
Q

What happens when hexose cyclize

A

Forms pyranose ring

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37
Q

How can monosaccharides be modified

A

Addition of chemical groups (GalNAc)

38
Q

What is the fisher projection?

A

Like a fishing rod

39
Q

What is the haworth perspective

A

Cyclic, Right is down

40
Q

How are disaccharide called and formed

A

Glycosidic bonds, condenses the OH group and eliminate H2O

41
Q

What are alpha linkages in disaccharides

A

Alpha is OH down

42
Q

Whare beta linkages in disaccharides

A

Beta is OH up

43
Q

What are the rule of glycosidic linkages regarding the OH group

A

Always involve C-1 of the left sugar(first)

44
Q

What large polymeric structures called

A

Polysaccharides

45
Q

Examples of unbranched homopolysaccharides

A

Cell wall (cellulose) and chitin for animals (exoskeleton)

46
Q

What can branched carbohydrates used for

A

Starch (plants) and glycogen (animals)

47
Q

What linkage does the branch point of carbohydrates have

A

alpha-1,6 glycosidic bond

48
Q

What bond does unbranched glycogen have

A

alpha 1,4 linkages

49
Q

What are the ends of the oligosaccharides

A

Nonreducing sugar (left), reducing sugar (right) Side with OH beside the O can be further reduced

50
Q

How do you determine sugar concentration?

A

By measuring CuO2 (red) after adding Cu2+(blue) (used to determine blood glucose levels) Benedict’s solution copper citrate

51
Q

What linkage are cellulose

A

glucose residues linked by Beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds

52
Q

How are cellulose so stable

A

Stabilized by H bonds, result in long flat molecule, chains can form interchain hydrogen bonds

53
Q

What is the structure of chitin

A

linear homopolymer of N-acetylglucosamine residues

similar to cellulose- only difference is the presence of an acetylated amino group at C-2

54
Q

What is the structure of glycogen and starch (storage polysaccharide)

A

alpha 1,4 linkage, open helix structure ( Provides an accessible store of sugar )

55
Q

What are carbohydrate groups that are covalently attached to many proteins

A

Glycoproteins, short oligosaccharide, function in recognition

56
Q

How are carbohydrate linked to proteins

A

Via asparagine residue (N-glycans)

Via Serine or Threonine residues (O-glycans)

57
Q

What enzymes are responsible for oligosaccharide assembly

A

Glycosyl (sugar) transferase

Nucleotide-monosaccharide (e.g. UDP-Glc)
+ Acceptor (carbohydrate)
—>
monosaccharide-Acceptor + nucleotide

monosaccharide is transferred from the nucleotide sugar to the non-reducing end of the carbohydrate acceptor

synthesis of the disaccharide lactose
β1,4 galactosyltransferase

UDP-Gal + Glc (Acceptor) —> Gal β1,4 Glc + UDP

58
Q

What are the Human ABO blood groups

A

carbohydrate antigens

59
Q

What are the ABO blood group antigens

A

glycosphingolipids

60
Q

What is the oligosaccharide antigens of A antigen

A

GalNAc

61
Q

What is the oligosaccharide antigens of B antigen

A

Gal

62
Q

How many gene control the synthesis of ABO blood groups

A

one

63
Q

What does the ABO blood group gene encode

A

glycosyltransferase (enzyme)

64
Q

What does glycosyltransferase (enzyme) do

A

synthesis of particular oligosaccharides (high specific)

65
Q

Where does specific residue connected to in the antigen?

A

C2 of the terminal galactose

66
Q

How are antibodies produce?

A

occur naturally in individuals

67
Q

What antigen does AB blood have

A

Both A and B

68
Q

What antibodies does O blood have

A

None

69
Q

What does antibodies do in blood

A

Antibodies will cross link the “foreign” red blood cells (agglutination)

70
Q

What Does Lectins do

A

recognise carbohydrates

71
Q

What is C-type lectins

A

Calcium binding lectins

72
Q

What does calcium in c-type lectin do

A

acts a bridge between the protein and the sugar through direct interaction with sugar hydroxyl groups

73
Q

Example of C-type lectins

A

Selectins

74
Q

What is the role of selectins

A
  • Are involved in cell-cell adhesion

* Bind white blood cells to sites of injury and allow movement of cells from blood stream to site of infection

75
Q

How does most virus attach to host cell

A

vio carbohydrate

76
Q

How does white blood cell binding to site of inflammation?

A

Selectin binding followed by integrin binding

77
Q

How does virus bind to cell surface

A

Binds to the receptors( may be carbohydrates)

78
Q

Where does influenza virus binds to

A

recognizes sialic acid residues present on cell surface glycoproteins

79
Q

What is the anti-flu drug

A

relenza, is a sialic acid analogue

80
Q

How does RELENZA work

A

inhibits the enzyme NEURIMINIDASE from flu virus to prevent virion from releasing, which halt viral replication

81
Q

What is the Reaction between the CHO group at C-1 and the OH group at C-5 linkage called

A

hemiacetallinkage

82
Q

Percentage of β-D-glucopyranose that exist

A

64%

83
Q

How does GLUT1 transport glucose

A

Central polar region allowing the Glucose interactions (shielded from the hydrophobic environment of the bilayer core)

84
Q

How does GLUT1 move?

A

Ligand bound occluded when glucose enter, then inward open, outward open when glucose goes through after ICH attach the ligand binding

85
Q

What is the mid point of the transporter graph called

A

Kt (analogous to Km (enzyme))

86
Q

Where is GLUT1 found and what it is used for

A

everywhere, basal glucose uptake

87
Q

Where is GLUT2 found and what it is used for

A

Liver, pancreatic islets, intestine

In liver and kidney, removal of excess glucose from blood
In pancrease, regulation of insulin release

88
Q

Where is GLUT3 found and what it is used for

A

Brain(neuronal), testis (sperm)

Basal glucose uptake

89
Q

Where is GLUT4 found and what it is used for

A

Muscle, fat, heart

Activity increased by insulin

90
Q

What is insulin for

A

Prevent glucose in blood to going too high

Biochemistry and molecular science (12 decks)

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