Module 9 Flashcards
Which of the following statements is not true when one is using the I.U.P.A.C. rules of nomenclature to determine the name of an alkane?
the parent compound chain is numbered so that the carbon bearing the first substituent has the highest number; it should be the lowest – The I.U.P.A.C. rules of nomenclature provide a systematic way of naming chemical compounds which defines their structures. First, one determines the name of the parent compound by finding the longest continuous carbon chain. Next, the continuous chain is numbered so that the carbon bearing the first substituent has the lowest number. Then each substituent is named, and numbered according to the main-chain carbon to which it is attached. If the same substituent (e.g., two methyl groups) occurs more than once, each is numbered according to its main-chain carbon and the Greek numbering prefixes are used. For example, 2,5-dimethylhexane has two methyl groups, one attached to carbon #2 and one attached to carbon #5 of the main 6-carbon chain. Finally, in an alkane with multiple substituents, the halogens are named first; the others are then listed in alphabetical order. Commas separate numbers from numbers, and dashes separate numbers from words.
Macromolecules composed of repeating monomers are called __________. An example is the material called polyethylene, made by linking many units of the __________ known as __________.
addition polymers; alkene; ethene
A straight-chain alkane having the formula C2H6 is called __________; one having the formula C3H8 is called __________; one having the formula C4H10 is called __________; and one with the formula C8H18 is called __________.
ethane; propane; butane; octane
The benzene ring is a type of __________. It contains __________ carbon atoms and __________ hydrogen atoms. If two substituents are attached to adjacent carbon atoms on the ring, they are said to be in the __________ arrangement; if they are attached to opposite carbons, they are in the __________ arrangement.
aromatic hydrocarbon; six; six; ortho; para
Which of the following I.U.P.A.C. rules of nomenclature for naming alkenes and alkynes is not correct?
the parent chain is numbered so that the first of the two carbons in the double or triple bond is given the highest number
When an alkane or cycloalkane reacts with a molecule of chlorine, fluorine, or bromine, the result is an alkyl halide and a hydrogen halide. This is specifically called a/an __________ reaction and is a type of __________ reaction.
halogenation; substitution - one of the H atoms on the alkane becomes replaced by a halogen atom (the halogen is substituted for the hydrogen) to form an alkyl halide (R–C–X). The other halogen atom (there are always two atoms in a halogen molecule, represented by X2 binds to the displaced hydrogen atom to form the hydrogen halide, H–X.
An alkyl group with the formula –CH3 is called a/an __________ group; an alkyl group with the formula –C2H5 is called a/an __________ group; and an alkyl group with the formula –C4H9 is called a/an __________ group. The isomer of the latter alkyl group is known as a/an __________ group.
methyl; ethyl; butyl; isobutyl - alkyl are a functional group derived from an alkane (methane, ethane, butane, isobutane) by the loss of one hydrogen atom
An aliphatic hydrocarbon containing no double bonds is called a/an __________, while one containing one or more double bonds is a/an __________ and one containing one or more triple bonds is a/an __________.
alkane; alkene; alkyne - An aliphatic (as opposed to aromatic) hydrocarbon contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Aromatic compounds which contain an atom other than carbon (such as oxygen or nitrogen) incorporated into their ring structures are called __________. The structure which consists of a five-membered ring containing two double bonds and one oxygen atom is called a/an __________ ring.
heterocyclic; furan
- In a cycloalkane such as cyclohexane, two substituents may be on the same side (both above or both below) the main plane of the ring, or they may be on opposite sides of the ring (one above and one below). If they are on the same side, the molecule is in the __________ form; if on opposite sides, it is in the __________ form.
cis; trans
The __________ shows the most amount of detail about the structure of a molecule, while the __________ gives the least amount of detail.
structural formula; molecular formula
The double carbon-carbon bond in an alkene cannot freely rotate due to the stabilizing presence of the __________. Because of this, any given alkene can exist as a pair of __________ isomers.
pi bond; geometric
Alkenes characteristically undergo addition reactions, whereby substituents are added to the double bond. Which of the following reaction types is not one of the major addition reactions of alkenes? halogenation, nitration, hydrogenation, hydration
nitration
Alcohols all contain one or more __________ groups, while ethers contain __________ groups. The __________ group is found in both aldehydes and ketones.
hydroxyl; alkoxy; carbonyl
