Module 11

Question 1

Amylose is a/an __________; sucrose is a/an __________; glucose is a/an __________; and inulin is a/an __________.

Answer 1

polysaccharide; disaccharide; monosaccharide; oligosaccharide

Question 2

Cholesterol, aldosterone, and cortisol are all types of __________. Their basic structure contains __________ and they are __________.

Answer 2

steroids; four fused rings; lipid-soluble - Cholesterol is the parent compound of the other steroids in the human body: the corticosteroids (including aldosterone and cortisol),

Question 3

Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes are __________. These molecules are made from directly from __________, which the body synthesizes from __________ in the diet.

Answer 3

eicosanoids; arachidonic acid; linoleic acid

Question 4

__________ is known as human blood sugar and is made by plants during photosynthesis. It is an aldohexose, so its linear form contains a/an __________ functional group and __________ carbon atoms.

Answer 4

glucose; aldehyde (when it cyclizes it contains a hemiacetal); six (Since glucose contains six carbon atoms, it is called an aldohexose)

Question 5

Starch is made up of __________ and __________. In mammalian liver and muscle, __________ stores energy. Mucilages are __________ and cellulose is a/an __________.

Answer 5

amylose; amylopectin; glycogen; heteropolysaccharides ((polymers made of different types of simple sugars and their derivatives); homopolysaccharide (made up of numerous glucose monomers)

Question 6

A cyclic sugar that can open to expose a reactive aldehyde group is called a/an __________. Examples include __________ and __________. A sugar which does not have a free hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon, and cannot participate in a redox reaction with Benedict’s reagent, is a/an __________. An example is __________.

Answer 6

reducing sugar; glucose; maltose (also fructose and lactose); nonreducing sugar; sucrose (because of its particular glycosidic bond)

Question 7

Simple sugars are commonly found in Nature in the __________ form. It is also more likely to find them in the __________ form. The structures of the alpha and beta forms of a monosaccharide differ only at the __________ carbon atom.

Answer 7

D; cyclic intramolecular hemiacetals or cyclic intramolecular hemiketals (e.g., fructose); anomeric (In alpha- forms the hydroxyl projects ‘down’ and in beta- forms, it projects ‘up’ in relation to the ring.)

Question 8

Which of the following complex lipids are most likely to contribute to the development of atherosclerosis? phospholipids, HDL, chylomicrons, LDL

Answer 8

oxidized LDL - The oxysterols (oxidized cholesterol derivatives) have been found to have a high affinity for the inner linings of the arteries. HDL

Question 9

Which of the following designations does not correctly apply to the fatty acid depicted in this diagram?

Answer 9

trans

Question 10

The long-chain carboxylic acids are called __________. When three of these are bonded to glycerol, the molecule is a/an __________. Lipids with a polar head group are called __________, and lipids with attached sugar/s are called __________.

Answer 10

fatty acids; triglyceride; phospholipids (contain phosphoryl groups); glycolipids