Module 10 Flashcards
Most neurotransmitters are amines. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are __________. Low levels of __________ are associated with depression. The compound called __________ is a mediator of the allergic response. Nerve-to-muscle communication is governed by the compound called __________.
catecholamines; serotonin; histamine; acetylcholine
What do the two molecules in this illustration have in common? Would they be more polar or less polar than alcohols of similar molecular weight?
they both (an aldehyde and a ketone) contain carbonyl groups; less polar than alcohols - Aldehydes and ketones are less polar than alcohols, and cannot form hydrogen bonds with each other like alcohols do
Amines are basic molecules that contain __________ bonded to varying numbers of hydrogen atoms and R groups. In the diagram below, which kind of amine is molecule X? Which kind is molecule Y? Which kind is molecule Z?
nitrogen; secondary amine; primary amine; tertiary amine - In a primary amine, the nitrogen is bonded to one R group and two H atoms; in a secondary amine, the nitrogen is bonded to two R groups and one H atom; and in a tertiary amine, there are three R groups bonded to the nitrogen.
In the addition reaction between an alcohol and an aldehyde (in an acidic environment), a/an __________ is formed; if enough alcohol is present, the reaction goes on to make a/an __________. A similar reaction with ketones forms a/an __________ followed by a/an __________.
hemiacetal; acetal; hemiketal; ketal -
Classify the molecules in the diagram. Molecule W is a/an __________; molecule X is a/an __________; molecule Y is a/an __________; and molecule Z is a/an __________.
acid chloride; thioester; phosphoester; acid anhydride - Molecules W and Z are carboxylic acid derivatives, called, respectively, an acid chloride and an acid anhydride. ATP is an example of an important phosphoester that carries energy for cellular reactions; acetyl coenzyme A is a thioester that transports acetyl groups for biological reactions. Acid chlorides and acid anhydrides are often used in laboratory syntheses of other organic molecules such as amides.
What does the following diagram illustrate? Is the product more polar or less polar than the reactant? Which is more soluble in water?
oxidation of a secondary alcohol to form a ketone; product is less polar than reactant; product is less water-soluble than reactant - The alcohol is more polar and more soluble in water than the ketone, because its hydroxyl group can form two hydrogen bonds.
What does the following diagram illustrate? What is the name of the major product of this reaction? Once the reaction reaches equilibrium, how much of this product would you expect to find?
partial dissociation of pentanoic acid (a carboxylic acid) in water; pentanoate anion (minor is hydronium ion); Since carboxylic acids are weak acids that only partially dissociate in water, less than 5% of the acid would be ionized; at least 95% would be in the molecular form.
The diagram below depicts the process called __________. The main reactant is a/an __________; the two products are __________ and __________.
saponification; triglyceride; glycerol; carboxylic acid salts
Which of the following reactions is not a characteristic reaction of alcohols?
tertiary alcohol oxidizing agent → ketone - Tertiary alcohols do not undergo oxidation reactions.
Amino acids contain both __________ and __________. Which kinds of amines are present in the structure of tryptophan, below?
carboxyl; amine; primary, secondary, and heterocyclic - Every amino acid has both an amine group and a carboxyl group bonded to its alpha carbon. In tryptophan, there are two amino groups: a primary amino group (H2N) on the alpha carbon, and a heterocyclic – and secondary – amino group in the five-membered ring structure.
The main product of the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid is called a/an __________. The product contains the __________ group from its parent carboxylic acid and the __________ group from its parent alcohol. The reverse process of this reaction is called __________.
ester; acyl; alkoxy; hydrolysis
The diagram below depicts a molecule of thymol. Thymol is a type of __________ and it acts as a/an __________ in the body. Judging from its size and functional group, how soluble would you expect it to be in water?
phenol; antiseptic; slightly soluble
Amides are prepared by reacting acid chlorides or acid anhydrides with ammonia or an amine. They contain the __________ group from the original carboxylic acid. In the acid hydrolysis reaction of an amide, the products are __________ and __________. Amides are __________ polar than alcohols of comparable size.
acyl; alkylammonium ion; carboxylic acid; more
Ketones all contain the __________ functional group. They are __________ than alcohols of similar size, but __________ than ethers of similar size. Reduction of a ketone forms a/an __________.
carbonyl; less polar; more polar; secondary alcohol
What does the following dehydration reaction illustrate? What is the characteristic type of functional group that is formed? What would be the expected polarity of the product?
the synthesis of an ether from two alcohols; alkoxy; low polarity
