Module 9 Flashcards
a high dose of niacin can lead to what?
niacin toxicity = niacin flush
flushing, itching, burning of skin
may also lead to low blood pressure, fatigue, insulin resistance
describe B7 Biotin toxicity?
rare
over supplementation
describe biotin deficiency ?
rare
may occur with a genetic disorder called biotinidase deficiency (hair loss, red eyes, rashes, can progress to seizures, depression and muscle disorders)
describe folate deficiency ?
deficiency during pregnancy can lead to neural tube defects
can cause birth defects such as spinal bifida and anencephaly
describe folate deficiency ?
can lead to megaloblastic anemia
(red blood cells are immature, large, misshapen and unable to properly carry oxygen)
—> symptoms include tiredness, weakeness, heart irregularities
potential link to autism
describe folate toxicity?
rare
may promote nausea, bloating, decreased appetite, and difficulty sleeping
describe vitamin A deficiency ?
rare in north america, common in developing countries
can lead to xerothalmia (abnormal dryness of the eye that affects the body’s ability to form tears)
can also lead to night blindness
describe vitamin A toxicity?
carotenoids may turn skin slightly orange, but otherwise have no toxicity symptoms
preformed vitamin A toxicity can have serious side effects such as elevated pressure around the brain, dizziness, nausea, headaches, and can be fatal
describe vitamin C deficiency and toxicity?
rare
can lead to scurvy (characterized by bleeding gums, fatigue, poor collagen formation)
toxicity = rare
>2000 mg/d can promote gastrointestinal symptoms
describe vitamin D deficiency ?
very common
due to inadequate dietary consumption, limited sun exposure
in children can promote rickets
in adults can lead to osteomalacia (softening of bones that can lead to osteoporosis)
describe vitamin D toxicity?
toxicity from food is rare, typically due to over supplementation
can promote anorexia, weight loss, increased urination, irregular heart rhythms
can also increase blood calcium
describe vitamin E deficiency ?
rare
typically due to compromised fat absorption
symptoms may include peripheral neuropathy, movement difficulties, muscle disorders and an impaired immune response
describe vitamin E toxicity?
due to over-supplementation
increases mortality rate
has been linked to lung illnesses in those that vape
describe vitamin k deficiency ?
rare
except in newborns, those with compromised absorption, those who overuse antibiotics
can lead to excessive bleeding, hemorrhaging
explain vitamin b6 deficiency ?
rare
typically in combination with other B vitamin deficiencies
pronounced cases can lead to micro cystic anemia (can promote fatigue and lethargy
explain vitamin B6 toxicity?
rare
typically due to over supplementation (>1000 mg/d)
can promote loss of control over body movements
how are preformed vitamin A found?
retinol and retinal ester found in animal products
how are vitamin infused beverages poorly informative?
- make vague promises based on vitamin provision
- regulated as natural health products so they do not have to have nutrient facts box
- may have a lot of added sugar
- typically contain water soluble vitamins that are much less likely to be deficient in the diet
vitamin a special uses ?
promotes skin health by switching on the genes that cause immature skin cells to become mature and healthy
many skin care products contain retinoids
what are b vitamins?
a group of 8 vitamins that act as coenzymes for energy metabolism
plants and animals naturally contain b vitamins and they are also fortified in foods
what are b12 sources ?
found only in animal products with the exception of nutrition yeast
supplementations recommended for vegans and vegetarians
what are examples of fat solute vitamins ?
vitamins a d e and k
what are examples of water soluble vitamins?
vitamins b and c
what are some sources of riboflavin?
chicken, almonds, celery, eggs, mushrooms, milk
what are the functions of vitamin A?
- gene expression
- immune function
- carotenoid form functions as an antioxidant
what are the sources of vitamin A?
preformed vitamin A is found in animal products
provitamin A is found in plant products
what are the sources of vitamin D?
fish, dairy products, mushrooms, sunlight
what are the special uses of Vitamin B7 Biotin?
sold to improve hair, nail, and skin health
what are the vitamin recommendations to meet vitamin needs?
- consume a variety of foods
- supplements can help meet needs but should be taken with caution
- supplementation recommended for those on a full or partial plant-based diet
- inform doctors and pharmacists of vitamin supplementation as some can interact with certain medications
what are vitamin A’s ?
retinoids
what are vitamin B6 special uses?
- improving cognitive function
- reducing CVD risk
- Reducing PMS symptoms
- reducing vomiting and nausea in pregnancy
what are vitamin C special uses?
immune system effects
- vitamin C supports the proper function of the immune system
- may lower risk of developing colds if taken before they occur
chronic disease prevention
- potential reduction of cancer and CVD risk
what are vitamins?
organic micronutrients that facilitate body processes
can be fat soluble or water soluble
what can cause riboflavin deficiency ?
more common in vegetarians
hormonal abnormalities may promote it
what can niacin deficiency cause?
pellagra
4D’s of pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
what can riboflavin deficiency lead to?
ariboflavinosis
skin disorders, welling in the mouth and throat, dry and cracked lips, red eyes and hair loss
what can vitamin b12 deficiency lead to?
megaloblastic anemia
can also promote balance issues, depression, poor memory, confusions
toxicity is rare
what factors can negatively affect b12 absorption ?
factors that negatively affect the stomach can compromise the release of intrinsic factor , negatively affecting B12 absoprtion
More common in older adults
what is beri beri and what can cause it?
wet beri beri: negatively impacts the cardiovascular system and can lead to heart failure.
dry beri beri: negatively impacts the nervous and muscular systems, potentionally leading to muscle paralysis
associated with malnutrition
can be caused by thiamine deficiency
what is thiamine deficiency ?
can promote neuronal death
typically associated with alcoholism
can lead to wernicke/korsakoff syndrome (short term memory loss, confusion, disorientation, and changes in eye movements)
what is vitamin B12 cobalamin?
collectively known as cobalamins
required for DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation and brain function
also acts as coenzyme for conversion of homocysteine to methionine
what is vitamin b2?
riboflavin
helps form 2 important coenzymes. flavin ,ononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucloetide
what is vitamin B3?
Niacin
forms the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
—> electron transporter required for electron transport train
what is vitamin B5?
pantothenic acid
helps form coenzyme A
deficiency and toxicity are rare
sources: everywhere
what is vitamin B6?
Pyridoxine = generic name for 6 vitamers
acts as coenzymes in more than 100 reactions
helps form neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine
what is vitamin B7?
biotin
generic name for 5 vitamers that function as coenzymes
involved in energy metabolism, cell-signaling, DNA structure and function
what is vitamin B9 folate/folic acid?
folate: basic form of food
folic acid: acids form of supplements
coenzyme in DNA/RMA synthesis, amino acids metabolism
what is vitamin C ?
ascorbic acid
critical for collagen formation
also involved in protein metabolism and iron absoprtion
what is vitamin D?
generic name fora group of compounds including vitamin D3 and vitamin D3
main role is maintaining calcium homeostasis
also plays a role in cellular growth, immune function and the reduction of inflammation
what is vitamin E?
generic term for 8 vitamins
exerts its main functions through its antioxidant role
also involved in immune function, cell signalling
what is vitamin K?
coagulation (blood clotting)
prothrombin synthesis is dependant on a vitamin K coenzyme
needed for the pathway that leads to the formation of sticky fibrin fibres which help red blood cells clump together
what is warfarin ?
anticoagulant (blood thinner) that blocks the vitamin K dependant coagulation pathway
“rather than poison”
what role does vitamin b1 thiamine play ?
muscular contraction, nerve conduction and is required for ATP synthesis
also part of the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate required for the citric acid cycle
where are provitamin A’s found?
found in plants and its vitaminers are collectively known as carotenoids
