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BPK 110 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

qqDigestion primarily occurs in what part of the digestive tract?

A

mucosa

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2
Q

For who is the risk for diverticulitis higher?

A

older, obese, smokers and physically inactive

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3
Q

How do we classify a prebiotic?

A

must be able to make it past the acidic stomach environment, be fermented by intestinal microbiota and change the activity of the microbiota in a beneficial way

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4
Q

How does churning occur?

A

innermost layer of diagonally oriented smooth muscle allows for the stomach walls to contract in varying patterns around its contents

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5
Q

How does diet alter the composition of the microbiome?

A

processed foods high in refined carbohydrates can negatively affect the diversity.

diets high in fibre have been shown to improve the equilibrium of gut microbiome and reduce risk of obesity

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6
Q

How does gastroesophageal reflux or acid reflux occur?

A

lower esophageal sphincter weakens over time. stomach acid can spill upward into esophagus resulting in a burning feeling.

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7
Q

How does leftover material move through the large intestine?

A

through peristalsis and segmentation which breaks material into smaller components while mixing it with digestive juices.

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8
Q

How does mucus helps the stomach?

A

provides lubrication and a medium in which chemical reactions can occur.

provides protective layer that stops stomach acid and juices from damaging stomach wall

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9
Q

How is HCL used for digestion?

A

highly corrosive acid, helps unravel proteins, exposing sites where enzymes can further break them down

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10
Q

How is the large intestine divided?

A

cecum, ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons

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11
Q

How long does food remain in the stomach?

A

4-5 hours

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12
Q

How long does it take for material to pass through entire digestive tract?

A

2 or more days

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13
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

about 6m

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14
Q

How to aid acid reflux?

A

weight loss, elevating head of bed, decreasing tobacco, alcohol, chocolate, large meals, spicy foods, and high fat meals

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15
Q

If immediate energy is needed, how does the liver help?

A

absorbs sugars such as fructose. if liver glycogen levels are low, can also store lacoste in form of glycogen until stores are full

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16
Q

If the diet is excessively low in carbohydrates, what happens to lipids?

A

lipids will primarily be metabolized to form ketones

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17
Q

In order to be absorbed, polysaccharides muscle be broken down into what?

A

Sugars : glucose, monosaccharides

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18
Q

In the small intestine, larger lipids are absorbed into what?

A

vessels called lacteals

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19
Q

Instead of being absorbed into the absorptive vessels along with almost all other nutrient subunits, where are larger lipids and fat-soluble vitamins absorbed into ?

A

lacteal (lymphatic vessel)

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20
Q

Is energy required for the absorption of glucose?

A

yes

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21
Q

Is the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA an anaerobic or aerobic process ?

A

aerobic

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22
Q

Once carbohydrates are absorbed, what is the first organ they encounter?

A

the liver

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23
Q

Once food is chewed and mixed w saliva what does it form?

A

uniform cohesive structure called a bolus

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24
Q

Prebiotics are typically what length?

A

medium length carbohydrates

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25
Q

What 2 enzymes does saliva contain ?

A

salivary amylase: digests amylose (starch)

lingual lipase: digests lipids

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26
Q

What are condensation reactions?

A

combine molecules by liberating a water molecule

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27
Q

What are crypts. what do they allow? secrete?

A

invaginations on stomach wall. allows more stomach cells to be involved w digestion.

some crypts secrete hydrochloride acid, pepsinogen and mucus (also known as gastric juice)

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28
Q

What are diverticula?

A

weakened dtw leading to formation of outpouchings

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29
Q

What are enterocytes?

A

small intestine cells. helps increase total surface area

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30
Q

What are enzymes?

A

allow reactions to occur quick enough to meet the body’s needs.

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31
Q

What are gallstones?

A

hardened bile deposits that accumulate in the gallbladder or bile duct

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32
Q

What are hormone?

A

chemical messengers required for many physiological processes.

released from one area of the body and travel through the blood to different parts of the body

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33
Q

What are lymphatic vessels?

A

one way tubes filled with a watery non blood liquid that removes material from tissues.

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34
Q

What are peptic ulcers?

A

esophagus, stomach, or small intestine ulcers

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35
Q

What are prebiotics?

A

not living organisms. act as food for microbiome and supports its function

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36
Q

What are probiotics found to prevent?

A

antibiotic associated diarrhea, travellers diarrhea, acute respiratory infections, infant colic, and a type of colitis

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37
Q

What are probiotics?

A

cultures of living organisms, typically bacteria

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38
Q

What are risk factors for gallstones?

A

female, use of estrogen containing contraceptives, obesity, rapid weight loss, physically inactivity

diets higher in simple sugars, saturated fat and energy intake

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39
Q

What are sphincters?

A

found between certain organs, they regulate passage from one organ to the next.

composed of circular muscle that contracts to close opening and relaxes to open them.

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40
Q

What are symptoms of diverticulitis?

A

abdominal pain, fever, nausea and vomiting, change in bowel habits, rectal bleeding

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41
Q

What are the 2 main types of prebiotics?

A

fructose-ogligosaccharides and galactose-ogliosacchaides

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42
Q

What are the 2 types of digestion?

A

mechanical/physical: uses physical process such as chewing to break food apart

chemical digestion: uses enzymes to alter the chemical structure of nutrients

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43
Q

What are the 3 main divisions of the small intestine? how long are each?

A

duodenum- 25 cm
jejunum- 2m
ileum- 3m

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44
Q

What are the 3 main salivary glands in the mouth ?

A

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

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45
Q

What are the accessory structures of the digestive tract?

A

liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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46
Q

What are the functions of the pancreas?

A

blood-glucose regulating function : due to production and secretion of hormones insulin and glucagon, these secretions are released into bloodstream. (endocrine function)

pancreas secretions that are deposited into digestive tract are part of exocrine function (pancreatic juice)

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47
Q

What are the cells of the small intestines called?

A

enterocytes

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48
Q

What are the main layers of the the digestive tract wall?

A

(inside out) lumen->mucosa->submucosa-> muscular is-> serosa

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49
Q

What are the symptoms of diverticulitis?

A

persistent abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation

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50
Q

What are the symptoms of IBS?

A

abdominal pain, bloating, cramping, diarrhea, constipation and flatulence

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51
Q

What are ulcers?

A

open stored that can occur along the lining of a body structure.

can occur at multiple points of the digestive tract

caused by weakening of mucosal layer of dtw

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52
Q

What chemical digestion occurs in the stomach?

A

protein digestion

mixing food w enzymes

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53
Q

What digestive cancer has the highest mortality rate?

A

colorectal cancer (colon or rectum)

reduced risk through physical activity, weight management and dietary modification

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54
Q

What do amino acids look like?

A

21 amino acids

amine group connected to a unique side chain

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55
Q

What does a triglyceride look like?

A

3 fatty acids attacked to a glycerol back bone resembling a jellyfish!!

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56
Q

What does microbiome refer to ?

A

different genetic material found in our body due to presence of microorganisms such as bacteria

57
Q

What does the suffix -ase denote

What prefix’s are normally used along w?

A

enzyme

prefix tellers us which substrate it acts on

(“sucrase” breaks down sucrose)

58
Q

What factors can affect transit times?

A

age, activity levels, diet, gender, medication use, infection

59
Q

What foods can cause IBS?

A
  1. fatty foods
  2. caffeine
  3. alcohol
  4. carbonated drinks
  5. spicy foods
  6. gluten
  7. articulated sweeteners
60
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

input of water helps to break down the molecule

61
Q

What is a micelle?

A

lipid group with a ring of bile salts around it

62
Q

What is active transport?

A

in addition to protein transporter, movement against concentration gradient requires energy.

amino acids and glucose

low to high

63
Q

What is anabolism?

A

metabolism of smaller molecules coming together to make larger ones.

requires net input of energy

64
Q

What is bicarbonate?

A

buffer that neutralizes chyme, making it less acidic and more conductive to physiological processes

65
Q

What is bile?

A

lipid emulsifier. salts have a hydrophilic head ad hydrophobic tail. is arranged around lipid groups

66
Q

What is cancer?

A

involves uncontrolled multiplication and spread of cells

67
Q

What is catabolism?

A

breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones. release energy

68
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

uses enzymes to alter the chemical structure of nutrients and reduces them to their building blocks

69
Q

What is chyme?

A

semiliquid substance that leaves stomach. (from bolus)

70
Q

What is constipation?

A

bowel movements that are difficult to pass or less frequent.

typically dry hard and painful stools

symptoms: abdominal pain and bloating

71
Q

What is diarrhea?

A

matter passes too quickly through the large intestine, causing loose, liquid like stool

main causes: bacterial and viral infections

protective mechanism to expel infectious agents

72
Q

What is digestion ?

A

separation of nutrients in food and breaks larger molecules into smaller ones so they can be absorbed.

polysaccharides->sugars
triglycerides-> fatty acids
proteins-> amino acids

73
Q

What is diverticulitis?

A

inflamed outpouchings

74
Q

What is diverticulosis?

A

bleeding diverticula

condition where outpouchings (diverticula) of the large intestine become inflamed and bleed

75
Q

What is emulsification ?

A

process that allows hydrophobic lipids to be suspended in a watery environment. bile salts are required for this process

76
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

certain sugars that require a proteincertain sugars that require a proten transporter pass from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

absorptive

high to low

77
Q

What is gastric lipase?

A

enzyme that continues the break down of lipids that lingual lipase began in the mouth

78
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

first step of cellular respiration

6 carbon broken down into 2 carbfirst step of cellular respiration

6 carbon broken down into 2 molecules of 3carbon pyruvate

energy released (2 ATP)

anaerobic

79
Q

What is hemorrhoids?

A

swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus, which can be causeswollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus, which can be caused by:
1. chronic constipation
2. chronic diarrhea
3. prolonged sitting
4. low fibre diet
5. obesity
6. pregnancy
7. heavy lifting
8. aging
9. anal intercourse
10. genetics

80
Q

What is lysozyme? Where is it found?

A

agent that disinfects arterial arriving in our food to help reduce the chances of the entry of an active infectious agent

found in saliva

81
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

physical digestion.

uses physical processes like our teeth chewing and stomach churning to break food apart.

does not alter chemical composition of nutrients

82
Q

What is metabolism?

A

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism

83
Q

What is microbiota?

A

refers to total composite of microorganisms found in our bodies.

includes viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms, but mostly bacteria

84
Q

What is osmosis?

A

when there is a higher concentration of dissolved particles within villus, water moves into this area to decrease relative concentration

high to low

85
Q

What is pancreatic juice?

A

contains several digestive enzymes (protease, lipase, amylase)

also contains bicarbonate

86
Q

What is pepsinogen? what happens when HCL acts upon it?

A

proenzyme that is secreted by certain stomach cells.

only becomes active when acted upon by hcl, converting it into pepsin

87
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

waves of muscle contraction to move a bolus of food forward.

88
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins that do not require a transporter can be absorbed along the spaces between phospholipids in enterocytes cell membrane.

movement from an area of a high concentration to one of a low concentration

high to low

89
Q

What is the brush border?

A

microvilli border orientated towards lumen

stores certain digestive enzymes such as lactase, sucrase, and maltase

90
Q

What is the chemical digestion of the mouth?

A

salivary breakdown of lipids and starch

91
Q

What is the digestive tract?

A

long tube like structure that begins in the mouth and ends in the anus

92
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

first part of small intestine, has a small opening that receives secretions from accessory structures

93
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

conduit for food from pharynx to stomach

94
Q

What is the flap that allows food into esophagus ?

A

epiglottis

95
Q

What is the large intestines main function?

A

to package waste for easy removal

draws out water and packages waste into solid feces which is easier to excrete

96
Q

What is the lumen?

A

inner cavity of the small intestine tube.

food and digestive secretions are found here

97
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste, and other unwanted materials.

components:
- lymphatic vessels
- lymph nodes
- lymphatic organs
- bone marrow

98
Q

What is the main goal of amino acids?

A

promote growth and repair tissues

99
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • immune response to identify and fight infections by carrying white blood cells
  • fluid balance: collect excess fluid from tissues ad return it to the bloodstream
  • absorption of fat: absorbs dietary fats and fat soluble vitamins from digestive system
  • waste removal: removes waste products and toxins
100
Q

What is the microbiome?

A

large variety of non human genetic arterial within our bodies due to presence of these microorganisms

contains about 150x more genes than human DNA

101
Q

What is the mucosa?

A

inner most layer of dtw that faces the lumen.

secretes mucus which keeps the dt moist and protects it from infection.

plays a critical role in absorption

102
Q

What is the muscularis?

A

layer of dtw composed of smooth muscle.

responds to movement needs of dt, pushing food forward and helping it mix w digestive secretions

103
Q

What is the pharynx? does absorption happen here?

A

throat, conduit from mouth to stomach. no further digestion or absportion occurs here

104
Q

What is the primary site of digestion and absoprtion?

A

small intestine

105
Q

What is the purpose of the enteric nervous system?

A

communicates with the brain but can also function independently.

helps regulate muscular contractions, messaging and digestive tract secretions

106
Q

What is the serosa?

A

outermost layer of dtw

consists of a layer of connective tissue tat helps to reduce friction w organs adjacent or helps anchor it into place.

107
Q

What is the submucosa ?

A

connects the mucosa to themore superficial muscularis layer

blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves are found here.

108
Q

What is thee mechanical breakdown of food in the mouth ?

A

tongue pushes food and helps mix w saliva and water

teeth rip food apart and help break into smaller parts

109
Q

What mechanical digestion occurs in the stomach?

A

churning

110
Q

What is gastric juice?

A

mixture of enzymes that contains several substances that facilitate digestion while protecting stomach walls.

111
Q

Whats the role of the liver?

A

metabolism, detoxmetabolism, detoxification and digestion

production of bile which promotes lipid digestion

112
Q

What sphincter allows chyme to enter the small intestine?

A

pyloric sphincter

113
Q

What sphincter is found between esophagus and stomach?

A

lower esophageal sphincter

114
Q

When energy intake is higher than energy expenditure what happens to the excess amino acids?

A

excess amino acids will be converted into lipid and stored in our fat cells

115
Q

When we are not eating, what does the pharynx convey?

A

air. pharynx opens to the trachea allowing air to flow in and out of lungs

116
Q

Where are prebiotics found?

A

asparagus, beet suga, garlic, onion, wheat, honey, banana, barley, tomato, rye, soy milk, peas, beans, seaweed

117
Q

Where are probiotics found?

A

foods such as yogurt, kombucha

118
Q

Where are secretions form pancreas, liver and gallbladder collected?

A

collected into a common tube that drains into the duodenum

119
Q

Where can ulcers occur ?

A
  1. peptic ulcers occur in the lining of the stomach. (gastric ulcers: lining of stomach, duodenal ulcers: lining of duodenum)
  2. esophageal ulcers
  3. mouth (canker sores)
  4. genitals (can be caused by infections, inflammatory conditions or trauma
  5. corneal ulcers (cornea of the eye, caused by infections, injuries, or contact lens use
  6. pressure ulcers (bedsores): on skin and underlying tissues over bony areas of the body such as heels, ankles, hips, and tailbone
120
Q

Where do excess amino acids go?

A

body proteins or converted to lipids for fat storage

121
Q

Where do excess carbohydrates go?

A

glycogen storage or are converted to lipid for fat storage

122
Q

Where do excess lipids go?

A

fat storage or other lipid compounds

123
Q

Where do nutrients go if not used or stored in liver?

A

enters bloodstream then sent throughout body via cardiovascular system

124
Q

Where does lipid metabolism occur?

A

liver

125
Q

Where does the majority of absorption occur ?

A

small intestine

126
Q

Where does the majority of digestion occur?

A

small intestine

127
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

gallbladder for quick secretion when needed

128
Q

Which parts of the body are capable of removing toxins from the body ?

A

lungs, kidneys, liver

129
Q

Why do gallstones occur?

A

overabundance of cholesterol as compared to bile salts in bile

130
Q

Why does the surface of the small intestine look fuzzy to the naked eye?

A

millions of villi on he membrane

131
Q

Summary of Glucose Metabolism

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Breakdown of Pyruvate
  3. Citric Acid Cycle
  4. Electron Transport Chain
132
Q

What is the process of Glycolysis?

A

1 glucose produces 2 pyruvate and ATP, anaerobic

133
Q

What is the breakdown of Pyruvate?

A

produces acetyl CoA and ATP

Aerobic conditions - acetyl CoA is formed
Anaerobic conditions - pyruvate is formed

134
Q

What is the Citric Acid Cylce?

A

acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate combine to produce CO2, water and capture of energy in GTP (NADH+H+, FADH2)

135
Q

What is the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Electrons exchanged between electron transporters, leads to build up of protons on one side of the membrane, protons will move through proton pump called ATP synthase

136
Q

What is Ketogenesis?

A

Diet is high in fat and very low in carbs, the citric acid cycle requires carbs

137
Q

What is Beta-Oxidation?

A

Splits the fatty acid two carbon atoms at a time, then each two-carbon molecule can be used to form acetyl CoA

138
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration of glucose?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

BPK 110 (12 decks)

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