Module 10 Flashcards
describe iodine toxicity?
typically due to over supplementation
can promote diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
more severe cases can lead to the swelling of airways, limiting breathing, a lowered heart rate and even coma
can also lead to iodine induced hyperthyroidism
describe iron toxicity ?
very toxic at high levels
can be caused bvery toxic at high levels
can be caused by over supplementation
can lead to nausea, vomiting, constipation, fairness, reduced zinc absorption and bioavailability
how are minerals divided ?
major minerals: required in higher amounts from diet
minor/trace minerals: required in lower amounts from diet
how can copper deficiency negatively impact the body?
iron absorption, promoting iron deficiency anemia
symptoms include tremors, tingling sensations, awkward walking patterns, numbness and fatigue
how can selenium deficiency affect the body ?
increases risk of male infertility, muscle weakness, fatigue, hair loss, and a weakened immune system
how common is iodine deficiency ?
affects around 2 billion people worldwide
25% of which experience clinical symptoms
how do the indigenous view living things? why are minerals considered living things?
anything that has a spirit can be a living thing even something as static as a rock
how does iodine deficiency affect the body?
compromises thyroid glands ability to make thyroid hormones
in adults this can lead to the formation of a goiter
in infants this can lead to congenital iodine deficiency syndrome (increases risk of mental deficiencies, deaf mutism, difficulties with muscular control and slowed growth
how does magnesium toxicity develop?
typically due to over supplementation, laxative and antacid use
how does sodium contribute to fluid balance ?
water moves across a semi-permeable membrane to equal out concentration differences. for example, if there is a lot of sodium on one side of a membrane compared to the other side, water will move towards that sodium to even out this difference in concentration
how many canadians are well below the RDA of copper ?
about 25%
iron deficiency anemia is more common in what kind of people?
vegetarians, women, athletes, pregnant women
what are glucosinolates ?
compounds found in plants that can negatively affect bioavailability
impair iron absorption
what are minerals?
elements that form solid compounds and that are not bound to carbon (inorganic)
what are oxalates?
compounds found in plants that can negatively affect bioavailability
impair calcium, and iron absorption
what are phytates?
compounds found in plants that can negatively affect bioavailability
impair iron, zinc absorption
can be reduced by soaking certain foods overnight (soaking beans) or fermenting foods (sourdough bread)
what are some examples of basic organic elements?
hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen
what are some examples of major minerals?
sodium, magnesium, potassium calcsodium, magnesium, potassium calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine
what are some examples of minor minerals?
fluorine, selenium, maganese, iron, copper, zinc, iodine, molybdenum
what are some magnesium special uses ?
popular dietary supplement : daily supplementation of 600mg may help reduce migraine headaches
has also been studied for role in promoting heart health, managing blood glucose
what are some sources of calcium?
dairy products
what are tannins ?
compounds found in plants that can negatively affect bioavailability
impair iron absoprtion
may have disease-reducing effects (anti-cancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti inflammatory)
what are the 3 stages of iron deficiency ?
mild: low iron levels in blood, bone marrow
marginal: levels in liver, muscle spleen also depleted
iron deficiency anemia: levels in red blood cells also depleted
what are the D.A.S.H. eating plan limits ?
red meats, sweet, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sugar
what are the key functions of calcium?
nerve signalling, key intracellular messenger
required for muscle and heart contraction, gland secretion
99% of body calcium in stored in bones and teeth (promotes their structural integrity )
what are the magnesium deficiency symptoms ?
loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, weakness
can progress to cramping, numbness, tingling or heart irregularities, and seizures
what are the main sources of chloride for the body?
table salt, sodium chloride
what are the main sources of iodine ?
iodized salt**
shellfish, dairy, lentils, greens
what are the mineral recommendations ?
consume adequate amounts of minerals to reduce risk of deficiency
avoid over supplementation of minerals to avoid toxicity
certain conditionconsume adequate amounts of minerals to reduce risk of deficiency
avoid over supplementation of minerals to avoid toxicity
certain conditions increase the risk for mineral deficiency and toxicity. health care practitioners can be consulted to avoid this risk
what are the risk factors of hypertension?
age, african heritage, family history, kidney disease, diabetes, obesity, physical, inactivity, stress, alcohol use, tobacco smoke
what are the roles of selenium ?
roles in reproduction
production and metabolism of the thyroid hormones, DNA synthesis
essential component of the antioxidant glutathione peroxidase
what are the roles of zinc?
gene expression, immune function, protein and DNA synthesis, wound healing, growth, development
what are the sources of selenium?
grains, plants, chicken, shellfish, eggs
content in plant foods varies depending on soil quality
what are the sources of sodium?
- naturally found in food
- added during food prep
- added at table
- supplements and tap water
- processed foods
what are the special uses of copper?
- magnetic bracelets often contain copper
- are marketed as a treatment for arthritic pain
- also been studied for role in CVD and alzheimer’s prevention
what are the special uses of selenium?
has been studied for potential to reduce CVD risk ( higher blood selenium levels reduce risk of CVD)
also studied for potential to reduce cancer risk (higher blood selenium reduces risk of breast, lung, colon and prostate cancer)
what are the symptoms of iron deficiency ?
lethargy, tiredness, weakness, hair loss, pale skin
can progress to an irregular heartbeat and delayed growth in infants and children
what are the symptoms of copper toxicity?
vomiting, diarrhea, yellowing of skin, muscle pain
can progress to liver damage, heart failure, kidney failure and even death
what are the symptoms of magnesium toxicity?
loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, weakness
can progress to cramping, numbers, tingling, or heart irregularities, and seizures
what are the symptoms of magnesium toxicity?
diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramping
what are the symptoms of potassium deficiency ?
typically has no symptoms may promote tiredness, weakness, cramps can progress to irregular heart rhythm, cardiac arrest which is typically due to excessive vomiting and diarrhea
what can calcium toxicity lead to?
minor increases are typically asymptomatic
chronically elevated levels can lead to abdominal/bone pain, mental confusion, calcification, hardening of tissues
what can copper toxicity be due to?
over supplementation and genetic conditions
what can phosphorous deficiency lead to ?
since abundant in foods deficiency is rare, can lead to osteoporosis, seizures, coma, anorexia, muscle weakness, anemia and increased risk of infection.
what can phosphorous toxicity lead to ?
may lead to calcification of tissues
what can selenium poisoning promote ?
due to over supplementation
can promote neurological symptoms, breathing problems, kidney failure, heart attack, and even death
what can selenium toxicity lead to ?
increased risk of hair loss, nail discoloration, muscle and joint pain, headache and gastrointestinal symptoms
what does calcium deficiency cause?
negatively affects our ability to achieve peak bone mass
increases risk for osteoporosis
what does D.A.S.H. eating plan emphasize ?
whole foods, particularly fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, poultry, fish and nuts in high in fibre, potassium, magnesium, calcium
what does D.A.S.H. stand for?
dietary approaches to stop hypertension
what does mineral content of plants and animals depend on?
plants: soil
animals: what they eat
what does zinc deficiency promote?
slowed growth, erectile dysfunction, diarrhea, thinning hair, impairedness
what happens when calcium levels are too high ?
calcitonin is released
opposes actions of PTH (impairs osteoclast activity, promoting calcium excretion )
what happens when calcium levels drop ?
parathyroid hormone is released
activates osteoclast activity
what is bioavailability?
availability in food as well as its propensity to be absorbed and available for use within the body
what is chlorine deficiency typically due to?
respiratory issues, vomiting, kidney malfunction
can promote weakness, difficulty breather, diarrhea, vomiting
what is chlorine toxicity typically due to ?
typically due to irregular fluid balance
can promote tiredness, muscle weakness
what is copper’s use in the human body?
involved in red blood cell synthesis and iron absorption
cofactor for many enzymes
what is heme iron?
form of iron
found in animal products
more bioavailability
what is hemochromatosis?
rare genetic condition that causes irregular iron absorption, which can lead to an increased risk of toxicity
what is hepcidin?
the body’s iron regulatory hormone that is responsible for keeping iron stores in balance
what is hypertension?
high blood pressure
what is hyponatremia?
sodium deficiency
typically caused by excessive vomiting, sweating, diarrhea
symptoms include nausea, vomiting, irritability, fatigue, loss of appetite, confusion, muscle weakness, spasm
can progress to loss of consciousness and coma
what is iodine essential for ?
essential component of thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
what is iron critical for in the body?
critical for formation of hemoglobin and myoglobin
vital for oxygen transport
what is molybdenum responsible for ?
cofactor for enzymatic reactions
helps to break down sulfites, which can promote allergic reactions, diarrhea, breathing difficulties
what is non-heme iron?
form of iron
mainly found in plant products
less bioavailability
what is potassium tocxicity due to and what does it promote?
due to impaired kidney fdue to impaired kidney function
may promote muscle weakness, heart irregularities, paralysis
what is sodium toxicity typically due to?
excessive loss of body water, which concentrates sodium
symptoms include thirst, weakness, nausea, and loss of appetite
can progress to confusion, muscle twitching, and brain hemorrhages
what is sulfur responsible for in the body?
critical for synthesis of amino acids methionine and cysteine, which contain sulfur and contribute to protein folding
needed for the formation of the antioxidant glutathione peroxidase
what is the D.A.S.H. equation?
D.A.S.H. eating plan + sodium reduction = significant reduction in blood pressure
what is the function of manganese in the human body?
cofactor for several enzymes
facilitates energy metabolism, bone development, wound healing
also a part of antioxidant superoxide dismutase
what is the main function of chloride?
functions as an electrolyte
becomes negatively charged ion chloride
maintains water balance
is part of HCL
what is the main function of magnesium in the body ?
cofactor for more than 600 enzymes
involved in energy metabolism, protein synthesis, DNA/RNA structure, brain development, heart health, bone density
what is the main role of potassium as an electrolyte?
main cation of the intracellular space
also contributes to fluid balance
what is the most abundant mineral in the human body and nature?
calcium
ex: limestone, chalk, pearls
what is the most common dietary deficiencies ?
iron deficiency
can lead to iron deficiency anemia
what is the second most abundant mineral in the body and where is it found?
phosphorus
found within hydroxyapatite (crystal that contains both calcium and phosphorus )
what is the third most abundant mineral in the body?
sulfur
what is the upper level for iron toxicity?
60mg/kg
even one dose too high can lead to iron poisoning
what is water fluoridation ?
“greatest public health achievements of the 20th century”
reduces risk of tooth decay by 35%
what is zinc toxicity typically due to? what are the symptoms ?
over supplementation
can promote nausea, vomiting, metallic taste in the mouth, loss of appetite, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and headaches
what makes sodium a key electrolyte?
it is the primary cation of the extracellular space.
in water, electrolyte become charged ions that leads to the creation of an electrical current
what sources increase bioavailability?
vitamin C promotes iron absorption
what sources negatively affect bioavailability?
oxalates, phytates, tannins, caffeine, and calcium
where is manganese most abundant ?
shellfish and plants
who does sulfur deficiency affect the most?
those who dont consume sufficient protein
may contribute to protein-energy malnutrition in those who are inadequate
why are many people against water fluoridation ?
- cost
- ability to get fluoride from toothpaste treatments
- not wanting to tamper with water supply
- increased risk of fluorosis
why is fluoride important for the body ?
typically not essential since not required for growth or to sustain life, however important for the formation of flurapatite crystals to mineralize teeth and strengthen enamel
