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BPK 110 > Module 10 > Flashcards

Module 10 Flashcards

1
Q

describe iodine toxicity?

A

typically due to over supplementation

can promote diarrhea, nausea, vomiting

more severe cases can lead to the swelling of airways, limiting breathing, a lowered heart rate and even coma

can also lead to iodine induced hyperthyroidism

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2
Q

describe iron toxicity ?

A

very toxic at high levels

can be caused bvery toxic at high levels

can be caused by over supplementation

can lead to nausea, vomiting, constipation, fairness, reduced zinc absorption and bioavailability

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2
Q

how are minerals divided ?

A

major minerals: required in higher amounts from diet

minor/trace minerals: required in lower amounts from diet

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2
Q

how can copper deficiency negatively impact the body?

A

iron absorption, promoting iron deficiency anemia

symptoms include tremors, tingling sensations, awkward walking patterns, numbness and fatigue

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3
Q

how can selenium deficiency affect the body ?

A

increases risk of male infertility, muscle weakness, fatigue, hair loss, and a weakened immune system

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3
Q

how common is iodine deficiency ?

A

affects around 2 billion people worldwide

25% of which experience clinical symptoms

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3
Q

how do the indigenous view living things? why are minerals considered living things?

A

anything that has a spirit can be a living thing even something as static as a rock

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4
Q

how does iodine deficiency affect the body?

A

compromises thyroid glands ability to make thyroid hormones

in adults this can lead to the formation of a goiter

in infants this can lead to congenital iodine deficiency syndrome (increases risk of mental deficiencies, deaf mutism, difficulties with muscular control and slowed growth

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5
Q

how does magnesium toxicity develop?

A

typically due to over supplementation, laxative and antacid use

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6
Q

how does sodium contribute to fluid balance ?

A

water moves across a semi-permeable membrane to equal out concentration differences. for example, if there is a lot of sodium on one side of a membrane compared to the other side, water will move towards that sodium to even out this difference in concentration

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7
Q

how many canadians are well below the RDA of copper ?

A

about 25%

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8
Q

iron deficiency anemia is more common in what kind of people?

A

vegetarians, women, athletes, pregnant women

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9
Q

what are glucosinolates ?

A

compounds found in plants that can negatively affect bioavailability

impair iron absorption

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10
Q

what are minerals?

A

elements that form solid compounds and that are not bound to carbon (inorganic)

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11
Q

what are oxalates?

A

compounds found in plants that can negatively affect bioavailability

impair calcium, and iron absorption

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12
Q

what are phytates?

A

compounds found in plants that can negatively affect bioavailability

impair iron, zinc absorption

can be reduced by soaking certain foods overnight (soaking beans) or fermenting foods (sourdough bread)

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13
Q

what are some examples of basic organic elements?

A

hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen

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14
Q

what are some examples of major minerals?

A

sodium, magnesium, potassium calcsodium, magnesium, potassium calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine

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15
Q

what are some examples of minor minerals?

A

fluorine, selenium, maganese, iron, copper, zinc, iodine, molybdenum

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16
Q

what are some magnesium special uses ?

A

popular dietary supplement : daily supplementation of 600mg may help reduce migraine headaches

has also been studied for role in promoting heart health, managing blood glucose

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17
Q

what are some sources of calcium?

A

dairy products

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18
Q

what are tannins ?

A

compounds found in plants that can negatively affect bioavailability

impair iron absoprtion

may have disease-reducing effects (anti-cancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti inflammatory)

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19
Q

what are the 3 stages of iron deficiency ?

A

mild: low iron levels in blood, bone marrow

marginal: levels in liver, muscle spleen also depleted

iron deficiency anemia: levels in red blood cells also depleted

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20
Q

what are the D.A.S.H. eating plan limits ?

A

red meats, sweet, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sugar

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21
Q

what are the key functions of calcium?

A

nerve signalling, key intracellular messenger

required for muscle and heart contraction, gland secretion

99% of body calcium in stored in bones and teeth (promotes their structural integrity )

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22
Q

what are the magnesium deficiency symptoms ?

A

loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, weakness

can progress to cramping, numbness, tingling or heart irregularities, and seizures

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23
Q

what are the main sources of chloride for the body?

A

table salt, sodium chloride

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24
Q

what are the main sources of iodine ?

A

iodized salt**

shellfish, dairy, lentils, greens

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25
Q

what are the mineral recommendations ?

A

consume adequate amounts of minerals to reduce risk of deficiency

avoid over supplementation of minerals to avoid toxicity

certain conditionconsume adequate amounts of minerals to reduce risk of deficiency

avoid over supplementation of minerals to avoid toxicity

certain conditions increase the risk for mineral deficiency and toxicity. health care practitioners can be consulted to avoid this risk

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26
Q

what are the risk factors of hypertension?

A

age, african heritage, family history, kidney disease, diabetes, obesity, physical, inactivity, stress, alcohol use, tobacco smoke

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27
Q

what are the roles of selenium ?

A

roles in reproduction

production and metabolism of the thyroid hormones, DNA synthesis

essential component of the antioxidant glutathione peroxidase

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28
Q

what are the roles of zinc?

A

gene expression, immune function, protein and DNA synthesis, wound healing, growth, development

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29
Q

what are the sources of selenium?

A

grains, plants, chicken, shellfish, eggs

content in plant foods varies depending on soil quality

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30
Q

what are the sources of sodium?

A
  • naturally found in food
  • added during food prep
  • added at table
  • supplements and tap water
  • processed foods
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31
Q

what are the special uses of copper?

A
  • magnetic bracelets often contain copper
  • are marketed as a treatment for arthritic pain
  • also been studied for role in CVD and alzheimer’s prevention
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32
Q

what are the special uses of selenium?

A

has been studied for potential to reduce CVD risk ( higher blood selenium levels reduce risk of CVD)

also studied for potential to reduce cancer risk (higher blood selenium reduces risk of breast, lung, colon and prostate cancer)

33
Q

what are the symptoms of iron deficiency ?

A

lethargy, tiredness, weakness, hair loss, pale skin

can progress to an irregular heartbeat and delayed growth in infants and children

34
Q

what are the symptoms of copper toxicity?

A

vomiting, diarrhea, yellowing of skin, muscle pain

can progress to liver damage, heart failure, kidney failure and even death

35
Q

what are the symptoms of magnesium toxicity?

A

loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, weakness

can progress to cramping, numbers, tingling, or heart irregularities, and seizures

36
Q

what are the symptoms of magnesium toxicity?

A

diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramping

37
Q

what are the symptoms of potassium deficiency ?

A

typically has no symptoms may promote tiredness, weakness, cramps can progress to irregular heart rhythm, cardiac arrest which is typically due to excessive vomiting and diarrhea

38
Q

what can calcium toxicity lead to?

A

minor increases are typically asymptomatic

chronically elevated levels can lead to abdominal/bone pain, mental confusion, calcification, hardening of tissues

39
Q

what can copper toxicity be due to?

A

over supplementation and genetic conditions

40
Q

what can phosphorous deficiency lead to ?

A

since abundant in foods deficiency is rare, can lead to osteoporosis, seizures, coma, anorexia, muscle weakness, anemia and increased risk of infection.

41
Q

what can phosphorous toxicity lead to ?

A

may lead to calcification of tissues

42
Q

what can selenium poisoning promote ?

A

due to over supplementation

can promote neurological symptoms, breathing problems, kidney failure, heart attack, and even death

43
Q

what can selenium toxicity lead to ?

A

increased risk of hair loss, nail discoloration, muscle and joint pain, headache and gastrointestinal symptoms

44
Q

what does calcium deficiency cause?

A

negatively affects our ability to achieve peak bone mass

increases risk for osteoporosis

45
Q

what does D.A.S.H. eating plan emphasize ?

A

whole foods, particularly fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, poultry, fish and nuts in high in fibre, potassium, magnesium, calcium

46
Q

what does D.A.S.H. stand for?

A

dietary approaches to stop hypertension

47
Q

what does mineral content of plants and animals depend on?

A

plants: soil

animals: what they eat

48
Q

what does zinc deficiency promote?

A

slowed growth, erectile dysfunction, diarrhea, thinning hair, impairedness

49
Q

what happens when calcium levels are too high ?

A

calcitonin is released

opposes actions of PTH (impairs osteoclast activity, promoting calcium excretion )

50
Q

what happens when calcium levels drop ?

A

parathyroid hormone is released

activates osteoclast activity

51
Q

what is bioavailability?

A

availability in food as well as its propensity to be absorbed and available for use within the body

52
Q

what is chlorine deficiency typically due to?

A

respiratory issues, vomiting, kidney malfunction

can promote weakness, difficulty breather, diarrhea, vomiting

53
Q

what is chlorine toxicity typically due to ?

A

typically due to irregular fluid balance

can promote tiredness, muscle weakness

54
Q

what is copper’s use in the human body?

A

involved in red blood cell synthesis and iron absorption

cofactor for many enzymes

55
Q

what is heme iron?

A

form of iron

found in animal products

more bioavailability

56
Q

what is hemochromatosis?

A

rare genetic condition that causes irregular iron absorption, which can lead to an increased risk of toxicity

57
Q

what is hepcidin?

A

the body’s iron regulatory hormone that is responsible for keeping iron stores in balance

58
Q

what is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure

59
Q

what is hyponatremia?

A

sodium deficiency

typically caused by excessive vomiting, sweating, diarrhea

symptoms include nausea, vomiting, irritability, fatigue, loss of appetite, confusion, muscle weakness, spasm

can progress to loss of consciousness and coma

60
Q

what is iodine essential for ?

A

essential component of thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

61
Q

what is iron critical for in the body?

A

critical for formation of hemoglobin and myoglobin

vital for oxygen transport

62
Q

what is molybdenum responsible for ?

A

cofactor for enzymatic reactions

helps to break down sulfites, which can promote allergic reactions, diarrhea, breathing difficulties

63
Q

what is non-heme iron?

A

form of iron

mainly found in plant products

less bioavailability

64
Q

what is potassium tocxicity due to and what does it promote?

A

due to impaired kidney fdue to impaired kidney function

may promote muscle weakness, heart irregularities, paralysis

65
Q

what is sodium toxicity typically due to?

A

excessive loss of body water, which concentrates sodium

symptoms include thirst, weakness, nausea, and loss of appetite

can progress to confusion, muscle twitching, and brain hemorrhages

66
Q

what is sulfur responsible for in the body?

A

critical for synthesis of amino acids methionine and cysteine, which contain sulfur and contribute to protein folding

needed for the formation of the antioxidant glutathione peroxidase

67
Q

what is the D.A.S.H. equation?

A

D.A.S.H. eating plan + sodium reduction = significant reduction in blood pressure

68
Q

what is the function of manganese in the human body?

A

cofactor for several enzymes

facilitates energy metabolism, bone development, wound healing

also a part of antioxidant superoxide dismutase

69
Q

what is the main function of chloride?

A

functions as an electrolyte
becomes negatively charged ion chloride

maintains water balance

is part of HCL

70
Q

what is the main function of magnesium in the body ?

A

cofactor for more than 600 enzymes

involved in energy metabolism, protein synthesis, DNA/RNA structure, brain development, heart health, bone density

71
Q

what is the main role of potassium as an electrolyte?

A

main cation of the intracellular space

also contributes to fluid balance

72
Q

what is the most abundant mineral in the human body and nature?

A

calcium

ex: limestone, chalk, pearls

73
Q

what is the most common dietary deficiencies ?

A

iron deficiency

can lead to iron deficiency anemia

74
Q

what is the second most abundant mineral in the body and where is it found?

A

phosphorus

found within hydroxyapatite (crystal that contains both calcium and phosphorus )

75
Q

what is the third most abundant mineral in the body?

A

sulfur

76
Q

what is the upper level for iron toxicity?

A

60mg/kg

even one dose too high can lead to iron poisoning

77
Q

what is water fluoridation ?

A

“greatest public health achievements of the 20th century”

reduces risk of tooth decay by 35%

78
Q

what is zinc toxicity typically due to? what are the symptoms ?

A

over supplementation

can promote nausea, vomiting, metallic taste in the mouth, loss of appetite, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and headaches

79
Q

what makes sodium a key electrolyte?

A

it is the primary cation of the extracellular space.

in water, electrolyte become charged ions that leads to the creation of an electrical current

80
Q

what sources increase bioavailability?

A

vitamin C promotes iron absorption

81
Q

what sources negatively affect bioavailability?

A

oxalates, phytates, tannins, caffeine, and calcium

82
Q

where is manganese most abundant ?

A

shellfish and plants

83
Q

who does sulfur deficiency affect the most?

A

those who dont consume sufficient protein

may contribute to protein-energy malnutrition in those who are inadequate

84
Q

why are many people against water fluoridation ?

A
  • cost
  • ability to get fluoride from toothpaste treatments
  • not wanting to tamper with water supply
  • increased risk of fluorosis
85
Q

why is fluoride important for the body ?

A

typically not essential since not required for growth or to sustain life, however important for the formation of flurapatite crystals to mineralize teeth and strengthen enamel

BPK 110 (12 decks)

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