Module 9

Question 1

What was the origin of conservatism? (3 things)

Answer 1

1. Was established in Congress of Vienna (1814-1815).
2. Response to destruction/chaos of French Revolution (1789).
3. Reaction against the Enlightenment and against fast changes (like industrialization).

Question 2

What were some beliefs of conservatism? (power 4)

Answer 2

1. Balance of power among countries
2. Monarchies are best
3. Power should rest in hands of small upper class
4. Reduce individual freedoms

Question 3

What were some beliefs of conservatism? (on society 5)

Answer 3

1. Tight censorship
2. Secret police
3. Serfdom (in Eastern Eur)
4. Limited suffrage
5. Slow/limit innovation/industrialization

Question 4

What were the famous people and popular places of conservatism?

Answer 4

1. Prominent in Eastern Eur (Russia, Austria, German Confederation) and was very strict.
2. Not as many followers/not as strict in Western Eur (France and Britain, where power is shared in constitutional monarchy). More moderate.
3. Prince Metternich, Austrian diplomat agreed to a “balance of power” among Europe’s major players to limit upheaval and slow change.
4. Concert of Europe – international body to keep peace and stability.

Question 5

What was the origin of Liberalism?

Answer 5

1. Was created in support of Enlightenment (1690-1789), and the revolutions that occurred in the United States (1775-1783), France (1789-1815), and Latin America (1808).
2. Liberalism was created in support of the progressive changes that followed after the Industrial Revolution (19th Century).

Question 6

What were some beliefs of liberalism? (3 beliefs)

Answer 6

1. Liberals were optimistic about opportunities and cultural changes and that society could progress for the better.
2. People argued in favor of basic human rights such as freedom of speech, a representative government, a free market (laissez-faire capitalism) created by Adam Smith, and progressive change.
3. Believed in a representative government even if it came with the cost of it being limited to higher classes of men.

Question 7

What were the famous people and popular places of liberalism? (3 ideas)

Answer 7

1. Mostly prominent in France and Britain during 19th Century Europe.
2. Agreed with Adam Smith’s views in “A Wealth of Nations” (1776) and to a free market with laissez-faire capitalism.
3. John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) was a huge supporter of liberalism and argued for freedom of speech, women’s right to vote, and abolition of slavery.

Question 8

What was the origin of nationalism? (4 points)

Answer 8

1. People began to identify with a country and set borders as opposed to amorphous kingdoms.
2. During the 16th century religious hierarchy ties were cut during the Reformation (1517-1648) and Enlightenment ideas grew which led to set borders and countries.
3. Enlightenment (1690-1789) gave rise to the idea of self government.
4. During the 19th century the political leaders sought to unite the many states into fewer bigger countries, seen today.

Question 9

What were some beliefs of nationalism? (3 beliefs)

Answer 9

1. You owed the state things like taxes and service then the state would then owe you certain freedoms and rights in return.
2. Nationalism led to the idea of belonging to an ethnic group which would have their own unique culture and identity that was different from other countries.
3. Both liberals and conservatives who believed in nationalism wanted to belong to a distinct country with specific borders instead of belonging to a far away monarchy.

Question 10

What were the famous people and popular places of nationalism? (3 ideas)

Answer 10

1. Throughout the 19th century, nationalism was occurring in Russia, Ottoman Empire, and Austrian empires who wanted separation from their mult-ethnic population because of nationalism.
2. In the 19th century, Italian and German leaders also wanted to unify their different states.
3. Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) was an Italian nationalist who believed that God divided people into forms of nationalities. Believed that natural divisions were what God intended and that people should favor freedom between countries over privileged kingdoms.

Question 11

What was the origin of Socialism? (3 ideas)

Answer 11

1. Socialism first emerged in France after the effect of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars when people were betrayed by their monarch.
2. The Industrial Revolution led to a huge wave of favor for Socialism.
3. People thought of implementing some of the radical ideas of the French Revolution.

Question 12

What were some beliefs of socialism? (4 beliefs)

Answer 12

1. Believed that free market capitalism was bad because it led to economic inequality and it favored certain classes above others.
2. Wanted to speak out against inequalities in the new factories and mines during the Industrial Revolution.
3. Some worked within the government to improve working conditions, help the poor and fight individualism, and worked on advocacy efforts.
4. Believed that economic competition pinned people, by favoring wealthy and certain privileged classes.

Question 13

What were the famous people of socialism?

Answer 13

1. Robert Owen was a British industrialist who wanted to improve working conditions for workers. He believed in sexual equality, public education, trade unionism, and he advocated against the New Poor Law.
2. He believed that fair labor would lessen crime and corruption among citizens.

Question 14

What was the origin of Communism? (3 ideas)

Answer 14

1. Inspired by the failed revolutions of 1848.
2. Communism is a branch of radical Socialism.
3. Industrial revolution/industrial capitalism led to class struggle between bourgeoisie and the working class Proletariat which set the stage for socialism and then communism.

Question 15

What were some beliefs of Communism? (4 beliefs)

Answer 15

1. Was started when people recognized the entire history of humankind was a struggle between classes and societies where upper-class oppressors were trying to oppress the lower class.
2. Believed that religion served as a “drug” to people which would fool people into believing false promises and keep them submissive.
3. The struggles between the Bourgeoisie (rising middle class/owners of production) and proletariat (working class) was the final stage before communism would gain recognition. Communists believed that this would result in violent revolutions as the Bourgeoisie would lose control over the means of production and the Proletariat would lose equally among workers.
4. This would result in a classless society with no need for money, rules, or governments where people only took what they needed.

Question 16

What were the famous people of communism? (3 ideas)

Answer 16

1. Karl Marx (1818-1883) wrote the communist manifesto, outlining this branch of radial variety of socialism.
2. Believed that the new Bourgeois class hadn’t done well in fighting divisions between classes and that the current European economic and political structures needed to be overthrown.
3. He believed that people shouldn’t be divided by language barriers, national boundaries, or religious teachings. He believed that these barriers were created by the oppressors to keep the lower classes weak.

Question 17

What was the origin of Anarchism?

Answer 17

1. During the Revolutions of 1848, anarchism rose to become radical and violent because of the inequalities during the Industrial Revolution.

Question 18

What were some beliefs of Anarchism? (4 ideas)

Answer 18

1. Is the belief in a stateless society where a government isn’t needed.
2. If people became more enlightened, political structures wouldn’t be necessary.
3. Government has an inherently negative effect on society since it bred dependency and ignorance.
4. While some anarchists were violent and aggressive, others wanted to spread change through a more peaceful process.

Question 19

What were the famous people places of communism? (3 ideas)

Answer 19

1. William Godwin (1756-1836) was a British philosopher and was considered the father of anarchism and thought governments had a negative impact on society by encouraging dependency and ignorance.
2. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865) was a notable Frenchman who supported anarchism to create a more orderly society. He didn’t trust elections, but wanted cooperation amongst the working class.
3. Peter Kropotkin (1842-1921) was a Russian prince and spokesman who gave up his monarchy power to advance the idea of “mutual aid” where people work together without competition or oppression.
4. France fell under anarchist-communist rule in 1871 which spread the idea of anarchism worldwide.

Question 20

What was the origin of Anti-semitism? (4 ideas)

Answer 20

1. Jewish people were blamed by Christians for the crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
2. Jewish people were blamed by Medieval Europeans for everything from natural disasters or economic crises.
3. The 18th century Enlightenment saw a good time for Jewish people as they were gaining rights and individual freedoms.
4. In the 19th century, a new type of anti-semitism emerged as industrialization forced some people into poverty while making others rich. People blamed Jewish people for their misfortunes and argued that their “biology” made them unfit for certain jobs.

Question 21

What were some beliefs of Anti-semitism? (3 ideas)

Answer 21

1. Believed that they were to blame for turmoil in Europe.
2. Believed Jewish people were trying to take control of the German Industry.
3. In 1894, a Jewish army captain was falsely accused of treason and people protested for his execution in the streets when there was a lack of evidence.

Question 22

What were the famous people places of anti-semitisim? (4 ideas)

Answer 22

1. In 1879, a German publicist named Wilhelm Marr published a book which falsely accused Jewish people of trying to take over the German Industry.
2. In the US, Netherlands, and England, people used “scientific” evidence to prove that they were biologically inferior.
3. Across Russia and Eastern Europe, Jews faced legally organized pogroms where mobs destroyed Jewish property, and hurt and kill Jews.
4. Even when America pledged religious and economic freedoms, Jewish people still faced discrimination and hatred.