Module 8- Vitamins & Minerals Flashcards
why is salt added by itself in diets?
do not want it to be deficient or inefficient
what would happen if too much salt was added to the diet? (2)
1) decrease feed intake
2) increase water intake
why can vitamins & minerals not be formulated at large feed mills?
scale tolerance is too large
what % of diet makes up the vitamin/mineral pre-mix
0.5%
T or F: vitamin/ mineral deficiencies are often secondary deficiencies with how they are mixed
T
how are vitamins defined?
if soluble polar solution
T or F: there is no relationship between B1 & B2 except for the order they were discovered
T
2 common features of minerals
1) insoluble, not readily absorbed
2) require carrier proteins for transport
T or F: minerals have to be solubilized in water prior to being fed
T
what 2 minerals ate soluble & do not form salts
iodine & selenium
T or F: minerals are protonated
T
protonated minerals form
salts
why must metal ions be chelated?
bc they are active so need to prevent oxidation in the body
metals form complexes with a well defined number of organic
ligands
ligand
molecule attached to metal ion
how do metal ions circulate in the body?
attached to a ligand, not free
what often acts as ligands for metal ions
AA
ligands consist of what 2 chemical groups
neutral or anionic
example of a ligand
chromium picolinate
why are mineral deficiencies not common?
bc they are stored in the body
what 2 minerals can be deficient? why?
Na & K, bc secreted in urine
where are macrominerals stored
bones
where are microminerals stored
liver
3 examples of macrominerals vs microminerals
macro- Ca, P & Mg
micro- Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Cr
vitamins have been around for ( ) years
100
who discovered vitamins
casimir funk
vitamine
vital amine
vitamins
organic nutrients required in small quantities
T or F: vitamins must have an amine group for it to be a vitamin
F
T or F: vitamins cannot be synthesized by the body and must be supplied in the diet
T
what vitamin can somewhat be synthesized in the body in some animals
vitamin C
beriberi
thiamin
rickets
vitamin D
pelleagra
niacin
casimir funk won nobel prize in
1929
why are we seeing increased cases of scurvy?
moving away from traditional diets
T or F: all water soluble vitamins expect C were designated B vitamins at first
T
T or F: it is preferable to use the chemical name of B vitamins
T
T or F: storage of water soluble vitamins is very little besides B12
T
how are B vitamins absorbed in the gut at high vs low levels
high: passive absorption (osmotic)
low: sodium dependent active transport
why is it rare for water soluble vitamins to be toxic
bc they get excreted in urine
biotin is involved in
glucose metabolism
water soluble requirements for monogastrics vs ruminants
ruminants -> can synthesize all b vitamins but high producing dairy cattle cannot synthesize enough to support production
monogastrics-> can make in hindgut but no use to animal bc occurs after absorption
what horses may benefit from vitamin B supplements?
- sick
- hard working
- racing
cecetropes
irregular feces, what is consumed from hindgut fermentation
- can get necessary vitamin B needs
fat soluble vitamins are defined by
non-polar hydrophobic molecules
what happens to fat soluble vitamins after absorption?
transported to liver in chylomicrons
high density lipoprotein
decrease fat, increase protein
VLDL
increase fat, decrease proteins
T or F: fat soluble vitamins can cause toxicity bc they can be stored
T
where are vitamins A, D E & K stored
liver & kidney
where is vitamin E stored
adipose tissue
how are fat soluble vitamins excreted
bile & feces
T or F: vitamin D is not a true vitamin
T
vitamin D is actually a hormone involved in
regulation of Ca & P metabolism
all fat soluble vitamins are ( ) derivates
isoprene
why is vitamin D not considered a true vitamin?
not essential bc body can synthesize it
rickets vs osteoporosis
rickets- young animals
osteo- older animals
rickets is a deficiency of
secondary deficiency of vitamin D, not calcium
most important group of vitamins & minerals
electrolytes
what 5 vitamins are electrolytes
Na, K, CI, Ca2+, Mg2+
electrolyte function
maintain Na/k gradient between intracellular/extracellular environment
Na/K ATPase pump
low intracellular Na, high K
how much ATP is used by the animal for maintenance of the Na/K ATPase pump?
1/3
what does P provide for the Na/K ATPase pump
high energy bonds provides energy for active transport
Na vs K toxicity symptoms
Na: coma, seizure
K: cardiac arrhythmia
T or F: Ca serves as a 2nd messenger to relay info from outside to inside the cell
T
2 methods of Ca absorption
1) active, transcellular
2) passive, paracellular
active absorption of Ca occurs when Ca is
low
solvent drag
when bring glucose into cell, some calcium is also brought in
passive absorption of Ca required activation of
SLGT-1 channel
passive absorption of Ca occurs in the ( ) when Ca levels are
jejunum & ileum, moderate to high
passive absorption in monogastric accounts for up to (%) absorption
50%
active absorption of Ca occurs in the ( ) when Ca is ( )
duodenum, low
synthesis of calbindin is controlled by
vitamin d
T or F: vitamin D is a relatively large protein with lots of Ca binding sites
T
