Module 8- Vitamins & Minerals Flashcards
why is salt added by itself in diets?
do not want it to be deficient or inefficient
what would happen if too much salt was added to the diet? (2)
1) decrease feed intake
2) increase water intake
why can vitamins & minerals not be formulated at large feed mills?
scale tolerance is too large
what % of diet makes up the vitamin/mineral pre-mix
0.5%
T or F: vitamin/ mineral deficiencies are often secondary deficiencies with how they are mixed
T
how are vitamins defined?
if soluble polar solution
T or F: there is no relationship between B1 & B2 except for the order they were discovered
T
2 common features of minerals
1) insoluble, not readily absorbed
2) require carrier proteins for transport
T or F: minerals have to be solubilized in water prior to being fed
T
what 2 minerals ate soluble & do not form salts
iodine & selenium
T or F: minerals are protonated
T
protonated minerals form
salts
why must metal ions be chelated?
bc they are active so need to prevent oxidation in the body
metals form complexes with a well defined number of organic
ligands
ligand
molecule attached to metal ion
how do metal ions circulate in the body?
attached to a ligand, not free
what often acts as ligands for metal ions
AA
ligands consist of what 2 chemical groups
neutral or anionic
example of a ligand
chromium picolinate
why are mineral deficiencies not common?
bc they are stored in the body
what 2 minerals can be deficient? why?
Na & K, bc secreted in urine
where are macrominerals stored
bones
where are microminerals stored
liver
3 examples of macrominerals vs microminerals
macro- Ca, P & Mg
micro- Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Cr
vitamins have been around for ( ) years
100
who discovered vitamins
casimir funk
vitamine
vital amine
vitamins
organic nutrients required in small quantities
T or F: vitamins must have an amine group for it to be a vitamin
F
T or F: vitamins cannot be synthesized by the body and must be supplied in the diet
T
what vitamin can somewhat be synthesized in the body in some animals
vitamin C
beriberi
thiamin
rickets
vitamin D
pelleagra
niacin
casimir funk won nobel prize in
1929
why are we seeing increased cases of scurvy?
moving away from traditional diets
T or F: all water soluble vitamins expect C were designated B vitamins at first
T
T or F: it is preferable to use the chemical name of B vitamins
T
T or F: storage of water soluble vitamins is very little besides B12
T
how are B vitamins absorbed in the gut at high vs low levels
high: passive absorption (osmotic)
low: sodium dependent active transport
why is it rare for water soluble vitamins to be toxic
bc they get excreted in urine
biotin is involved in
glucose metabolism
water soluble requirements for monogastrics vs ruminants
ruminants -> can synthesize all b vitamins but high producing dairy cattle cannot synthesize enough to support production
monogastrics-> can make in hindgut but no use to animal bc occurs after absorption
what horses may benefit from vitamin B supplements?
- sick
- hard working
- racing
cecetropes
irregular feces, what is consumed from hindgut fermentation
- can get necessary vitamin B needs
fat soluble vitamins are defined by
non-polar hydrophobic molecules
what happens to fat soluble vitamins after absorption?
transported to liver in chylomicrons
high density lipoprotein
decrease fat, increase protein
VLDL
increase fat, decrease proteins
T or F: fat soluble vitamins can cause toxicity bc they can be stored
T
where are vitamins A, D E & K stored
liver & kidney
where is vitamin E stored
adipose tissue
how are fat soluble vitamins excreted
bile & feces
T or F: vitamin D is not a true vitamin
T
vitamin D is actually a hormone involved in
regulation of Ca & P metabolism
all fat soluble vitamins are ( ) derivates
isoprene
why is vitamin D not considered a true vitamin?
not essential bc body can synthesize it
rickets vs osteoporosis
rickets- young animals
osteo- older animals
rickets is a deficiency of
secondary deficiency of vitamin D, not calcium
most important group of vitamins & minerals
electrolytes
what 5 vitamins are electrolytes
Na, K, CI, Ca2+, Mg2+
electrolyte function
maintain Na/k gradient between intracellular/extracellular environment
Na/K ATPase pump
low intracellular Na, high K
how much ATP is used by the animal for maintenance of the Na/K ATPase pump?
1/3
what does P provide for the Na/K ATPase pump
high energy bonds provides energy for active transport
Na vs K toxicity symptoms
Na: coma, seizure
K: cardiac arrhythmia
T or F: Ca serves as a 2nd messenger to relay info from outside to inside the cell
T
2 methods of Ca absorption
1) active, transcellular
2) passive, paracellular
active absorption of Ca occurs when Ca is
low
solvent drag
when bring glucose into cell, some calcium is also brought in
passive absorption of Ca required activation of
SLGT-1 channel
passive absorption of Ca occurs in the ( ) when Ca levels are
jejunum & ileum, moderate to high
passive absorption in monogastric accounts for up to (%) absorption
50%
active absorption of Ca occurs in the ( ) when Ca is ( )
duodenum, low
synthesis of calbindin is controlled by
vitamin d
T or F: vitamin D is a relatively large protein with lots of Ca binding sites
T
active transport of Ca
into intestine, out into blood
T or F: Ca excreted in feces is not in same form as consumed
T
what is the major Ca binding factor in the blood?
gamma carboxyglutamate residues in albumen
the production of gamma carboxyglutamate residues is catalyzed by
vitamin K
circulation of Ca in blood is indirectly associated with level of
vitamin K
high blood Ca stimulates
calcitonin
calcitonin function
reduces bone resorption & intestinal Ca absorption, and increases urinary Ca excretion
PTH function
increase bone resorption & intestinal Ca absorption, and decreases urinary Ca excretion
skeletal Ca is in the form of
hydroxyapatite
how many mg of Ca enters & leaves bones each day
500
osteoclasts vs osteoblasts
clasts: remove Ca & P from bone
blasts: deposit Ca & P in bone
osteoclast & osteoblast regulation is under ( ) control
hormonal
T or F: Ca metabolism is precisely regulated
T
PTH gland monitors blood Ca in the
carotid artery
what is the rapid effect of PTH
decreases urinary Ca loss
what is the primary hormone that regulates Ca resorption from bone
PTH
PTH increases the number of
osteoclasts
PTH is used for ( ) term regulation
long
higher numbers of osteoclasts break down more bones = release
Ca
vitamin D precursors are found in
plant & animal tissues
once at the liver, vitamin D from the diet (can/cannot) be differeniated
cannot
T or F: must supplement intensive livestock with vitamin D bc inside/no uV exposure
T
net effect of vitamin D on Ca metabolism
higher blood Ca concentrations
low estrogen can cause
osteoporosis
what is the most abundant intracellular anion
P
most P is absorbed in what form
inorganic
low vs high P effects of vitamin D production
low = increase vitamin D
high= decrease vitamin D
levels of P can vary up to what %
50%
what 2 hormones regulate P
PTH & vitamin D
T or F: P is not as tightly controlled as Ca
T
when P is low = PTH secretion is
decreased = increases intestinal absorption of P
ideal ratio of Ca : P
2 : 1
T or F: excessive dietary P can interfere with Ca absorption in the small intestine
T
high dietary P levels leads to large ( ) losses & ( )
fecal, bone resorption
active form of vitamin D
calcitrol
T or F: Ca is normally sufficient in plant sources
T
T or F: Ca is cheap, P is expensive
T
T or F: Ca has a max in diets
T
inorganic P is derived from what 2 things
1) mineral sources
2) dicalcium phosphate
where is organic P derived from
animal/plant sources
what is the major P source in plants that is indigestible by animals
phytic acid
T or F: it is difficult to distinguish deficiencies of Ca, vitamin D and P without blood tests
T
cage layer fatigue is an example of a ( ) deficiency
Ca
Pica symptoms
animals consume dirt & chew on pen materials
T or F: Ca & P toxicity is quite common
F
2 functions of vitamin K
1) blood clotting
2) cofactor for Gla synthesis
what vitamin is in rat poisoning
vitamin K
T or F: vitamin K deficiency is associated with osteoporosis
T
T or F: newborns have large stores of vitamin K
F
sweet clover poisoning in ruminants
coumarin is converted to dicoumarin which blocks vitamin K cycle
T or F: ruminants typically require vitamin K supplements
F- is in plant materials
what 2 things can happen if phytase enzymes are not fed
1) P will be overfed = more excreted
2) limiting in diet
phytase functions (2)
1) lowers availability of P
2) decreases P excretion
T or F: too much Ca can decrease activity of phytase
T
how is P excreted in environment
phytic acid
1 example of an energy associated vitamin
riboflavin
coenzymes
small organic molecules required for catalytic activity of the enzyme
all 5 energy associated vitamins are absorbed by what 2 ways
1) passive diffusion at high levels in the gut
2) sodium-dependent active transport at low levels in the gut
active thiamin
thiamin diphosphate
thiamin diphosphate function
coenzyme in reactions involving CO2 removal
thiamin is an essential cofactor of multiple
mitochondrial dehydrogenase complexes
pyruvate dehydrogenase is used in the ( ) cycle
glycolysis
a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is used in the ( ) cycle
TCA
thiamin deficiencies are related with ( ) disorders
neural
rice bran contains what 2 vitamins
thiamin & riboflavin
riboflavin functions as part of what 2 coenzymes
1) FAD
2) FMN
FAD/FMN requiring pathways (3)
1) TCA
2) B-oxidation
3) electron transport chain
beta-oxidation
breakdown of FA
riboflavin deficiency is common bc it is low in what 2 feed sources for monogastrics
cereal grains & legumes
T or F: riboflavin deficiency is not life threatening
T
niacin is the generic name for
nicotinic acid & nicotinamide
what AA can be converted to nicotinamide?
tryptophan
60mg tryptophan = ( )mg niacin
1
T or F: rumen bugs get source of N but not tryptophan
T
example of niacin deficiency
pellagra
pellagra
rough skin
to produce a niacin deficiency, the diet must be low in
niacin and tryptophan
what feed is low in niacin and tryptophan
corn
biotin function
CO2 carrier in carbon dioxide fixation
polyunsaturated fats ( ) biotin requirements
increase
riboflavin requirements ( ) in high fat diets
increase
acetyl-Coa carboxylase
converts acetyl units to FA
avidin
protein in raw egg whites that binds biotin to make it unavailable
pantothenic acid is part of coenzyme
A
acetyl coenzyme A is used in
TCA cycle
example of a pantothenic acid source
yogurt
deficiency of pantothenic acid results in impaired
fat synthesis
hematopoietic
involved in formation of blood cells
3 examples of hematopoetic vitamins
folic acid, vita b12 & iron
the only requirement for cobalt is for
vitamin b12
deficiency of cobalt would show up as
vitamin b12 deficiency
are plants or animal products a source of vitamin b12
animal
vitamin b12 requires what 2 things to be absorbed
1) haptocorrin
2) intrinsic factor
where is vitamin b12 stored
liver
genetic disease for vitamin b12
have sufficient b12, but no IF = b12 is not absorbed properly
why do people who do not eat animal products do not have a vitamin b12 deficiency?
storage in liver
metabolism of b12 converts
homocysteine to methionine
b12 deficiency results in ( ) because of ( )
megaloblastic anemia, reduced folate
folic acid is required for
DNA synthesis
in a vitamin b12 deficiency, folate (will/will not) be recycled so added folate will have ( ) effect
not, no
cobalt requirements for ruminants
for rumen bacteria to synthesize vitamin B12
what determines if Fe is ferric or ferrous?
pH
in aqueous, aerobic environments iron is in form of
Fe3+ (ferric)
iron is reduced to ( ) in acid stomach
fe2+
intestinal absorption of iron requires
DMT1 transporter
what is the only form iron can be absorbed as
Fe2+
ferroportin vs transferrin
ferroportin: transports outside cell
transferrin: transports inside cell
in blood, iron is circulating bound to
transferrin
what form of organic minerals should be fed? why?
chelated form, bc not soluble
absorption of heme iron is (%)
15-50%
inorganic iron has what % of absorption
2-5%
each globin in hemoglobin binds to 1 ( ) molecule
porphyrin
T or F: almost no iron excretion
T
why is iron not in free form
bc it is so reactive
the level of saturation of ( ) in the blood is a good marker of iron status
transferrin
ferritin reduces
free radicals
