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ANSC 315 > Module 1- overview of animal nutrition > Flashcards

Module 1- overview of animal nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 broad categories of animal nutrition?

A

1) maintenance functions- nutrients to keep animal alive
2) productive functions
- production of food for human consumption

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2
Q

6 major reasons why animal nutrition is important

A

1) efficiency
2) disease susceptibility & recovery
3) quality of product
4) reproductive success
5) economics -> feed efficiency
6) environment - GHG emissions, N/P excretion

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3
Q

what is a nutrient

A

chemical element or compound that is required for normal body functions

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4
Q

6 major classes of nutrients

A

1) carbs
2) lipids
3) protein
4) minerals
5) water
6) vitamins

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5
Q

most important nutrient

A

water

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6
Q

essential vs non-essential nutrients

A

essential: must be provided in the diet bc the body cannot make sufficient quantities
non-essential: body can make in sufficient quantities
- building blocks must be available though

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7
Q

ration definition

A

specific daily allocation that an animal needs to eat

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8
Q

diet definition

A

mixture of foodstuff or feedstuff that is going to provide required nutrients

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9
Q

how do plants synthesize proteins?

A

use nitrogen to make AA

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10
Q

what does the metabolism of carbs & fat provide to the animal

A

energy

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11
Q

what type of feeds contain high protein? why?

A
  • animal based feeds & plant by-products
  • when oil is removed=protein becomes concentrated
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12
Q

composition of the animal body (water, protein, fat, minerals, carbs %)

A

60% water
16% protein
20% fat
4% minerals
<1% carbs

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13
Q

protein : fat ratio will ( ) as animals get older

A

decrease

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14
Q

what increases with age?

A

fat

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15
Q

digestion

A

break down feed into smaller molecules for absorption

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16
Q

when does digestion, absorption & metabolism occur?

A

digestive tract- digestion & absorption
post-absorptive- metabolism

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17
Q

chemical breakdown of feed

A

HCI & gastric secretions

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18
Q

digestion is composed of what 2 types of feed breakdown

A

physical & chemical

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19
Q

gastric digestion

A

facilitated by enzymes secreted by the animal

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20
Q

primary form of digestion for monogastrics

A

gastric digestion

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21
Q

fermentative digestion

A

digestion that takes place in specialized compartments that are located before the stomach & small intestine, or after the small intestine

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22
Q

animals who digest before stomach & small intestine vs after

A

before- ruminants
after- horses

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23
Q

T or F: pigs primarily use gastric digestion, but still have hund gut fermentation

A

T

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24
Q

flow of monogastric digestion

A

1) mouth
2) esophagus
3) stomach
4) small intestine
5) cecum + colon (large intestine)

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25
Q

salivary amylase function

A

digest starches in mouth

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26
Q

3 accessory digestive organs of monogastric

A

1) teeth
2) salivary glands
3) liver

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27
Q

stomach functions (4)

A

1) muscular contractions
2) HCI secretion
3) pepsinogen secretion
4) chyme formation

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28
Q

chyme

A

partially digested feed + water + HCI + enzymes

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29
Q

pH of chyme

A

2-3

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30
Q

where does most of the absorption take place in monogastrics?

A

1st 2 compartments -> duodenum + jejunum

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31
Q

duodenum function

A

secretion of pancreatic juices that contain bicarb will buffer chyme so enzymes can function

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32
Q

liver function (2)

A

1) produce bile
2) lipid digestion with bile salts

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33
Q

gallbladder function

A

stores bile

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34
Q

what are brush border enzymes produced by

A

villi & microvilli

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35
Q

list 4 differences between chicken and pig digestion?

A

1) no teeth -> use beak
2) crop-> feed storage
3) proventriculus-> secrete HCI & enzymes
4) gizzard- mechanical digestion of feed

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36
Q

how does mastication help digestion

A

smaller particles increase surface area for enzymes to act on

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37
Q

reticulum vs omasum structure

A

reticulum- honeycomb
omasum- leaves of tissue that squeeze water out of feed

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38
Q

where is gastric digestion initiated in ruminants

A

abomasum

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39
Q

T or F: small intestine secretions in ruminants are very similar to pigs

A

T

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40
Q

the rumen is an ( ) environment. why?

A

anaerobic
- supports growth of microorganisms

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41
Q

what are the 2 most important microorganism groups in the rumen

A

bacteria & protozoa

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42
Q

what GHG do archaea produce

A

methane

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43
Q

why is it necessary bacteria in the rumen are attached to feed particles?

A

enzymes are on outside wall of microorganism so they must come into contact with feed in order for fermentative digestion to take place

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44
Q

what does microbial fermentation of starch, cellulose & hemicellulose produce?

A

VFAs

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45
Q

where are VFAs primarily produced & absorbed

A

rumen

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46
Q

what are the 3 VFAs

A

1) acetate
2) propionate
3) butyrate

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47
Q

what is the major source of energy for ruminants?

A

VFAs, then microbial protein

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48
Q

microbial protein

A

major source of protein formed by amino acids for the animal

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49
Q

major site of absorption for monogastrics

A

small intestine

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50
Q

end product of protein digestion

A

amino acids

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51
Q

end product of starch digestion

A

glucose

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52
Q

end product of lipid digestion

A

fatty acids -> go to lymphatic system

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53
Q

what facilitates absorption

A

villi

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54
Q

villi

A

tiny projections into the lumen of the small intestine

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55
Q

microvilli

A

tiny hair-like projections that line the villi

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56
Q

how os O2 supplied to small intestine?

A

there is a rich blood supply to villi & microvilli

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57
Q

venous drainage

A

takes away nutrients that have been absorbed

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58
Q

lacteal function

A

takes away end products of lipids by absorbing & draining into lymphatic system

59
Q

major functions of microvilli (2)

A

1) increase surface area for absorption
2) produce brush border enzymes

60
Q

brush border enzymes are important for what digestion of what 2 nutrients?

A

carb & protein

61
Q

density of papillae in the rumen depends on what?

A

type of diet

62
Q

what type of diet produces lots of VFAs?

A

high grain

63
Q

T or F: rumen papillae do not secrete enzymes

A

T

64
Q

rumen papillae function

A

increase surface area

65
Q

major site of absorption in ruminants

A

rumen & small intestine

66
Q

major site of absorption in monogastrics

A

small intestine

67
Q

3 mechanisms of absorption

A

1) diffusion
2) facilitated diffusion
3) active transport

68
Q

diffusion & example

A

moving down from high to low concentration
- glucose in lumen -> bloodstream

69
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

uses transporter to facilitate movement of substrates from high to low concentration

70
Q

active transport

A

requires ATP, goes against concentration gradient (low to high concentration)

71
Q

retention time

A

amount of time the feed spends in the GI tract

72
Q

retention time is longer in what kind of animals

A

large animals that depend on fermentative digestion

73
Q

what does retention time depend on?

A

body size

74
Q

animals who use fermentative digestion are more dependant on a higher contribution of energy from?

A

VFA

75
Q

anabolism

A

building of complex compounds from small molecules
- uses energy

76
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of molecules into smaller energy
- releases energy

77
Q

example of catabolism

A

generation of ATP
- glucose oxidation to produce ATP

78
Q

3 factors that may change optimal range of nutrients

A

1) type of animal
2) physiological state
3) environmental conditions

79
Q

what type of defect is when we see a decrease in production

A

functional defect

80
Q

5 characteristics that make a good diet

A

1) contain essential nutrients in correct amounts
2) palatable
3) digestible
4) economical
4) non-toxic

81
Q

feed costs account for ()% of production costs

A

50

82
Q

example of nutrient inhibitor

A

trypsin in soybean

83
Q

what is the central metabolic junction

A

glucose

84
Q

T or F: energy is a nutrient

A

F

85
Q

2 major energy substrates

A

carbs & fats

86
Q

when would proteins be used for energy?

A

if diet is deficient in carbs/fats

87
Q

what is the primary form of nitrogen secretion

A

urea

88
Q

T or F: vitamins & energy supply energy

A

F

89
Q

2 examples of feeds put into a diet to provide energy?

A

1) cereal grains - barley, wheat, corn, oats
2) lipids: canola seed, flax, soybean

90
Q

T or F: canola meal is a sufficient source of energy in the diet

A

F -> only contains 2% fat

91
Q

what is the fuel of metabolism

A

energy

92
Q

energy =

A

the potential to do work

93
Q

bomb calorimetry

A

measures the gross energy of feed

94
Q

gross energy

A

heat released when feed is completely oxidized to CO2 & H2O

95
Q

heat of combustion of feed =

A

gross energy of feed

96
Q

what will be produced feed is when oxidized in a cell, not bomb calorimeter

A

energy in form of ATP

97
Q

what does the water in bomb calorimetry represent

A

amount of heat produced
- can measure this by measuring temp of water before & after

98
Q

how much O2 is added to bomb calorimetry

A

25-30 atmospheres

99
Q

energy equivalent of bomb calorimerty

A

correction factor to account for heat capacity of calorimeter & environment

100
Q

what is often used as an energy equivalent

A

benzoic acid

101
Q

hydrothermal equivalent (HE)=

A

weight of sample x gross energy / temp 2 - temp 1

102
Q

GE=

A

HE x diff in temp / sample weight

103
Q

kcal vs mcal

A

kcal- 1000 calories
mcal- 1000 kcal

104
Q

why are fats more energy dense?

A

contain more carbon & hydrogens compared to proteins & carbs

105
Q

lipids has ( )x more energy than carbs & protein

A

2.25

106
Q

limitation of gross energy

A

does not tell how much of that energy is available to the animal

107
Q

T or F: GE is not 100% available to the animal

A

T

108
Q

why is GE not 100% available to the animal

A

does not account for energy losses due to digestion & metabolism of the feed

109
Q

what is the single largest loss of energy that is consumed by the animal

A

fecal energy

110
Q

T or F: feed is 100% digestible

A

F

111
Q

why is it apparent digestible energy?

A

bc of sloughed off epithelial cells, microorganisms & enzymes

112
Q

what happens if you do not account for sloughed off epithelial cells in the feces

A

overestimate how much energy is lost in the feces

113
Q

what factor affects gross energy value of the feed

A

chemical composition

114
Q

is DE higher in monogastrics or ruminants? why?

A

monogastrics
- pigs have more digestible feed

115
Q

metabolizable energy (ME) =

A

DE - (UE-GEL-GILL)

116
Q

how is energy content of urine determined

A

bomb calorimetry

117
Q

major energy loss in urine in monogastrics vs avian species

A

monogastrics- urea
avian- uric acic

118
Q

T or F: fermentative digestion of feed is inefficient

A

T

119
Q

UE loss is higher in which animals

A

ruminants

120
Q

higher ( ) diets produce more methane

A

forage

121
Q

what is used to measure gaseous losses in cattle

A

uses SF6

122
Q

net energy

A

accounts for energy lost as heat during digestion & metabolsim

123
Q

NE=

A

ME - heat increment

124
Q

why would feed intake decrease during summer?

A

animal is trying to regulate body temp bc heat production increases after a meal

125
Q

do ruminants or monogastrics have a higher heat increment?

A

ruminants

126
Q

increase in diet digestibility = ( ) in heat increment

A

decrease

127
Q

do forages or grain digestion produce more heat

A

forages

128
Q

animals in a catabolic state have a ( ) heat increment than anabolic state animals

A

higher

129
Q

amino acid imbalance causes a ( ) heat increment

A

higher

130
Q

more frequent feeding has ( ) heat increment than less frequent feeding

A

smaller

131
Q

why does feeding smaller, more frequent meals produce a smaller heat increment compared to feeding larger, less frequent meals?

A

work of digestion for smaller meals is smaller = less heat produced

132
Q

direct vs indirect calorimetry examples

A

direct: heat production
indirect: O2 consumption, carbon & nitrogen balance

133
Q

direct vs indirect calorimetry

A

direct: heat production measured directly
indirect: gaseous exchange to estimate heat loss

134
Q

closed circuit calorimetry

A

totally enclosed, no air is leaving
- can measure how much CO2 is absorbed

135
Q

open circuit calorimetry

A

atmospheric O2 is entering, measure how much CO2 is produced

136
Q

2 advantages & disadvantages of net energy

A

advantage:
- accounts for metabolic cost of nutrient metabolim
- can predict performance of animal

disadvantage:
- expensive
- time consuming

137
Q

what energy is used to formulate pig diets

A

NE

138
Q

what energy is used to formulate poultry diets

A

ME

139
Q

what energy is used to formulate ruminant diets? why?

A

NE
- heat increment & gaseous energy losses are large so need to account for these

140
Q

TDN

A

total digestible nutrients
- used to express energy content of feed before bomb calorimetry

141
Q

TDN uses values from

A

proximate analysis

142
Q

proximate analysis system

A

used to measure composition of the feed

143
Q

T or F: TDN looks at digestible nutrients that are contained in the feedstuffs

A

F

144
Q

DE for pigs, ruminants fed concentrate & ruminants fed roughages

A

pigs: 80%
concentrate: 70%
roughages: 50-60%

ANSC 315 (9 decks)

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