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PSY midterm 2 > Module 8: Memory > Flashcards

Module 8: Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

storage and retrieval of information

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2
Q

Search metaphor

A

A way of describing processes involved in memory using terms and phrases that relate them to around in physical or virtual space

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3
Q

Failure of search

A

The way that an inability to remember something is often described

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4
Q

Reconstruction metaphor

A

describes how we primarily use memory to formulate a useful response using both what we known and the surrounding situation

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5
Q

Encoding

A

The process of how information is initially learned

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6
Q

Encoding problem

A

The problem the brain must solve to transform an experience into a memory

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7
Q

storage

A

The process of maintaining information about an event over time weather short or long

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8
Q

Storage problem

A

The problem the brain must solve to maintain information in the brain over time short or long

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9
Q

Sensory memory

A

The system that keeps information translated by the senses briefly in unaltered form, allowing us to perceive the world as whole rather than staggered

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10
Q

iconic memory

A

fleeting after images in visual system

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11
Q

echoic memory

A

echoes that last a few seconds after auditory signals… sometimes allowing you to recall end of conversation you were not paying attention too

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12
Q

immediate memory

A

A system that actively holds on to a limited amount of information so that it can be manipulated and processed

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13
Q

3 properties of immediate memory

A

representation, duration, and capacity

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14
Q

representation

A

The kind of information a memory system contains. often this described in terms of how the information is represented of coded

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15
Q

inner voice

A

The mental experience of hearing yourself talk in your head - evidence for verbal representation in immediate memory

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16
Q

inner eye

A

The mental experience of seeing something using your imagination - evidence for visual representation in immediate memory

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17
Q

Rehearsal

A

The process of repeating information to yourself, helping you rehear the information over again

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17
Q

Duration

A

How long a memory system can contain information before its forgotten, duration is indefinite with rehearsal but without rehearsal is only three seconds or so

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17
Q

Capacity

A

How much information can be held in a memory system at any one time, capacity is consider to whatever you can rehearse in around 2 seconds

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18
Q

Range of information a person can hold in mind at any given time

A

7 plus/minus 2 (5-9)

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18
Q

memory span

A

The number of items that can be kept active in immediate memory at one time

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19
Q

Chunking

A

process of arranging information into compact meaningful chunks so that they can be more easily rehearsed in immediate memory

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20
Q

Working memory model

A

A model of immediate memory that emphasizes its role as a system for manipulating information in consciousness

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21
Q

phonological loop

A

A system within the working memory model that temporarily stores and manipulates auditory and verbal information

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22
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

A system within the working memory model where visual and spatial information is stored and manipulated

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23
Q

Central Executive

A

Hypothetical portion of the working memory that directs the activities of working memory and flow of information between working and long term memory

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24
Q

Long term memory

A

Memory system used to store and recall information over extended periods of time (indefinite split into subsections)

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25
Q

episodic memories

A

Memories whose contents pertain to specific event’s

26
Q

Semantic memories

A

Memories whose contents relate to specific facts and pieces of meaningful information not based on personal experience

27
Q

procedural memory

A

Memories whose contents pertain to how something is done, such as motor skill involved in walking and riding bike

28
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

Process of actively manipulating information in immediate memory to meaningfully connect it to other information already stored in LTM

29
Q

Deep processing

A

encoding new information through making meaningful connections to existing knowledge

30
Q

Shallow processing

A

Encoding information based only on its surface characteristics

31
Q

massed practice

A

Massed practice is the term for repeated exposure to or study of to be remembered information over very short time without gaps between repetitions

32
Q

spacing effects

A

observation that learning is most robust when repeated exposure information study material occurs over longer timeframe

33
Q

mnemonics

A

Techniques used to improve memory that provide framework for encoding and recall

34
Q

adaptive memory

A

A subfield of memory research focused on investigating how the brain is designed to learn and remember given evolutionary considerations

35
Q

retrieval practice

A

The phenomenon that the repeated retrieval of information is more useful for long term memory than other tasks such as the repeated reading of the same information

36
Q

retrieval problem

A

The problem the brain must solve to recover information from long term memory

37
Q

cues

A

Information that help us remember events from the past

38
Q

free recall

A

remembering previously learned info without any other context to aid in remembering

39
Q

cued recall

A

remembering previously learned info with the aid of clue or information that helps provide context

40
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

idea that retrieval cues are only useful as long as they match the original context of how the to be remembered information was originally learned

41
Q

transfer appropriate processing

A

observation that engaging in similar processes at both encoding and retrieval tends to enhance recall

42
Q

explicit memory

A

remembering that occurs consciously and with intent

43
Q

implicit memory

A

remembering that occurs without conscious realization or intent

44
Q

errors of omission

A

memory errors where info cannot be brough to mind

45
Q

errors of commission

A

memory errors where wrong or unwanted info is brough to mind

46
Q

transience

A

describes how memory for any particular event tends to degrade over time some say caused by lack of cues

47
Q

decay

A

theory that memories fade away due to passage of time alone

48
Q

retroactive interference

A

inability to retrieve older info due to influence of newer similar info

49
Q

proactive interference

A

inability to retrieve newer info de to influence of older similar info

50
Q

absent mindedness

A

a description of how memories sometimes are simply unavailable because of failure to encode them

51
Q

blocking

A

a description for how in some cases not enough distinctive cues are available to help us recover a specific memory

52
Q

example of absent mindedness

A

not paying attention to putting keys down and forgetting where you placed them

53
Q

Tip of tongue state (TOT)

A

state when people cannot remember a piece of info but have powerful feeling they know what is tying to be remembered

54
Q

deja vu

A

description of a feeling that one has already experienced something

55
Q

flashbulb memories

A

memories for the details surrounding events that are both surprising and particularly significant

56
Q

suggestibility

A

description for how memories can sometimes be altered by context in which they are remembered to better fit the current context

57
Q

misinformation effect

A

a phenomenon in which misleading information alters subsequent memory

58
Q

bias

A

a description of how memories can change as a result of the influence of knowledge and beliefs

59
Q

schemas

A

a highly organized knowledge structure that contains many pieces of specific information

60
Q

persistence

A

occasional reoccurrence of unwanted memories examples include PTSD triggers result in unwanted memories etc

61
Q

hyperthymesia

A

an exceptionally rare medical condition that leads to near perfect autobiographical recall

62
Q

amnesia

A

memory loss due to physical damage or problems in brain

63
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memories prior to specific traumatic event such as blow to the had or certain other conditions

64
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to make new memories

65
Q

short term memory

A

Short term memory to humans is what RAM is to a computer allows us to live moment to moment

66
Q

Memory consolidation

A

Defined as a time-dependent process by which recent learned experiences are transformed into long-term memory

PSY midterm 2 (6 decks)

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