Module 7: Learning Flashcards
Learning
Change in behavior’s due to experience
Behavior
Any observable action including words gestures and responses that can be repeated and measured and are affected by a situation to produce an outcome
Innate skillset
Something you are born knowing how to do
reflexes
stimulus response relationship which is either learned innate and indicated that behavior will occur automatically
Pavlovian Conditioning
Type of learning in which one seemingly insignificant event signals an important event - conditional stimulus provides information about presence or absence of an unconditional stimulus
Stimulus
an event in the situation tells us about our environment and what to do
unconditional stimulus
a stimulus that leads to an automatic response
unconditional response
an unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus
conditional stimulus
a stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response
Conditional response
a behavior that does not come naturally, but must be learned by the individual by pairing a neutral stimulus with a potent stimulus
Elicits
A descriptor behavior in Pavlovian or classical conditioning, which indicated the response to the stimulus which is involuntary IE food eliciting salivation
neutral stimulus
a stimulus that at first elicits no response
Excitatory
A descriptor for a type of Pavlovian conditioning in which conditional stimulus indicates that an unconditional will occur
Short delayed conditioning
Conditioning procedure in which the signal or seemingly unimportant event occurs a few seconds before what signaled or the important event. ie. you hear thunder shortly after you see lighting
Long delayed conditioning
Signals that occur many seconds before what`s signaled. ie. you hear tornado warning many minutes later you see change in clouds etc
Trace conditioning
Conditioning procedure in which the signal occurs many minutes or hours before what is signaled. The conditional stimulus occurs a long time before the unconditional stimulus
Inhibitory
descriptor for a type of Pavlovian conditioning in which the conditional stimulus indicates that no unconditional stimulus will occur - conditional responses are suppressed
Simultaneous conditioning
conditioning procedure in which the signal and what signaled occur at the same time
Backward conditioning
Pavlovian conditioning procedure in which an unconditional stimulus is presented before conditional stimulus
Extinction
In pavlovian conditioning, the signal occurs without what is signaled and the conditional response goes away
Spontaneous response
an effect in which after extinction and a break without the signal or what is signaled, the signal occurs alone and the conditional response reappears
Appetitive
A type of stimulus that is something you like and for which you will work
Aversive
A type of stimulus that is something you dont like and for which you wont work
Stimulus Generalization
An effect in which an animal notices similarities between objects and responds to the objects as if they were the same
Stimulus discrimination
An effect in which an animal notices differences between objects and responds to the objects as though they were different
higher order conditioning
A conditioning procedure in which an already conditioned signal is paired with a neutral stimulus or currently meaningless event
Phobias
A descriptor for extreme and irrational fear
systematic desensitization
therapeutic treatment for phobias
operant (instrumental) conditioning
Also known as instrumental learning in which the consequences of our behavior matter
Instrumental learning
The process of interacting with some response option that has an effect on the environment
Law of effect
A description for the finding that we learn about situations and behavior that lead to something we like and do not learn to associate situations and behavior that lead to something we dont like - in other words desired or satisfying actions or outcomes = more likely to be repeated in future opposite true for dissatisfying outcomes/actions
Satisfaction
An effect known as stamping in, we learn from behaviors in situations that lead to something we like
Discomfort
An effect also known as stamping out; we do not associate our behaviors with situations that lead to something we dont like.
Antecedents
A situation that makes it possible for us to respond and tells us what we might get for that response
Behavior
Any observable action, including words, gestures, responses, and are affected by a situation to produce or remove some outcome. Behavior can also refer to biological activity, including actions on the cellular level
Consequences
Again, the outcome of behavior that affect what well do in the future
contingencies
If then rule, if you do this then that will happen (behavior = consequence)
reinforcement
When behavior produces this consequence, that behavior will occur in the future
punishment
when behavior produces this consequence, then that behavior will not continue to occur in the future
positive
When this behavior occurs then this consequence will occur
negative
When this behavior occurs, then this consequence will not occur
dead man test
test to determine whether something is a behavior is to ask if a dead man can do it in other words if the behavior is governed by gravity and not antecedent events.
Positive reinforcement
AN operant procedure in which behavior produces a consequence and that behavior will continue to occur in similar situations in the future examples include Turning the keys in your ignition to start your car’s engine
Answering a call to speak with a potential employer
Checking your email to receive a message from a friend
Flipping a switch to turn on a light when you walk into a room
Negative reinforcement
occurs when something unpleasant or uncomfortable is removed or taken away in order to increase the likelihood of the desired behavior examples include Taking a long route home to avoid a scary dog
Quietly leaving a party to avoid a person you dislike
Adding a phone number to your blocked calls list to avoid that caller
Turning off a light when you leave a room to avoid a high electric bill
Positive punishment
giving an undesirable consequence after an unwanted behavior to make it less appealing example include Trying to eat your brother’s leftovers and getting yelled at
Answering a call then speaking with a telemarketer
Checking your email and receiving a complaint
Touching a metal surface in the winter and receiving a static shock
Negative punishment
remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior example include Yelling at your sister then losing your allowance
Driving while intoxicated then losing your license
Talking in class and being sent into the hallway alone
Lying to your friend then your friend temporarily stops talking to you
Escape
Conditioning procedure in which something you want is happening, your response makes it stop, and you are more likely that you will respond similarly in the future
Avoidance
Conditioning procedure in which something you dont want to happen if you dont respond, so you respond to prevent it. in other words specific behaviors that people use to ensure they’re not involved in a specific situation, or that they can leave a situation they’ve already entered example… getting a flu shot or going for regular check up to avoid getting sick
Target behavior
A type of behavior specifically the response in which were interested
Extintion
IN operant conditioning behavior which was previously reinforced now produces no consequences and goes away; the response is not reinforced and decreases
Extinction burst
An effect in which behavior that was previously reinforced occurs at a higher rate without consequence at the beginning of extinction
Partial reinforcement extinction effect
An effect in which behavior only occasionally lasts longer without consequence than behavior reinforced every time when consequences are no longer available
Shaping
the process of training a learned behavior that would not normally occur. For each action closer to the desired outcome, a reinforcement or reward is provided until the target behavior is achieved
Application of shaping in outside world
training service animals to fulfil certain tasks like rats to detect landmines using there vastly superior sense of smell
reinforcers
A type of stimulus presented as consequences which increases the future probability of a behavior
reinforcer test
Also known as a contingency analysis, the test is a way to determine if the consequence you selected is a reinforcer and increases the frequency of a behavior
Primary reinforcers
A type of stimulus known as unconditioned reinforcers in which biologically important consequences make your behavior more likely in the future
Secondary reinforcers
Type of stimulus known as conditioned reinforcer in which consequences that were paired with primary reinforcers or already meaningful reinforcers that will make your behavior’s more likely in the future
Schedules of reinforcement
A description in words and numbers of how and when well earn reinforcers
Ratio
Reinforcer produced by responses
fixed
The requirement for each reinforcer is the same
Varible
The requirement for each reinforcer is different but varies around an average
interval
Reinforcers require at least two responses and a specific amount of time
Fixed ratio (FR)
Schedules of reinforcement win which reinforcers are produced after a set number of response
Variable ratio (VR)
A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcers are produced after an average amount of response
Fixed interval (FI)
A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcers are produced after a set amount of time and a few responses
Variable interval (VI)
A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcers are produced after an average amount of time and a few responses
Latent learning
Learning that has occurred but hasn`t been demonstrated yet
Cognitive map
The assumption that we recreate a mental image of areas in our physical surroundings
Attentional phase
A phase of social learning in which an observer watches a model doing something
Retention phase
a phase of social learning in which an observer remembers what the model did and can imitate that response later
production phase
a phase of social learning in which an observer copies what the model demonstrated
motivational phase
a phase of social learning in which the observer obtain the same outcome as the model for the same response
biological preparedness
the result in which some events serve as better signals or conditional stimuli than others due to evolution
learned helplessness
experiencing an aversive situation you cant control prevents you from learning to control other aversive situations
bodo doll experiment
demonstrates how the behavior of adults easily influences children. During the experiment, adults received praise for their aggressive behavior, and as a result, the likelihood of the children striking the doll increased
4 phases of observational learning
attentional, retention, motor reproduction, and motivational
