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PSY midterm 2 > Module 7: Learning > Flashcards

Module 7: Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

Change in behavior’s due to experience

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2
Q

Behavior

A

Any observable action including words gestures and responses that can be repeated and measured and are affected by a situation to produce an outcome

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3
Q

Innate skillset

A

Something you are born knowing how to do

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4
Q

reflexes

A

stimulus response relationship which is either learned innate and indicated that behavior will occur automatically

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5
Q

Pavlovian Conditioning

A

Type of learning in which one seemingly insignificant event signals an important event - conditional stimulus provides information about presence or absence of an unconditional stimulus

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6
Q

Stimulus

A

an event in the situation tells us about our environment and what to do

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7
Q

unconditional stimulus

A

a stimulus that leads to an automatic response

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8
Q

unconditional response

A

an unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus

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9
Q

conditional stimulus

A

a stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response

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10
Q

Conditional response

A

a behavior that does not come naturally, but must be learned by the individual by pairing a neutral stimulus with a potent stimulus

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11
Q

Elicits

A

A descriptor behavior in Pavlovian or classical conditioning, which indicated the response to the stimulus which is involuntary IE food eliciting salivation

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12
Q

neutral stimulus

A

a stimulus that at first elicits no response

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13
Q

Excitatory

A

A descriptor for a type of Pavlovian conditioning in which conditional stimulus indicates that an unconditional will occur

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14
Q

Short delayed conditioning

A

Conditioning procedure in which the signal or seemingly unimportant event occurs a few seconds before what signaled or the important event. ie. you hear thunder shortly after you see lighting

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15
Q

Long delayed conditioning

A

Signals that occur many seconds before what`s signaled. ie. you hear tornado warning many minutes later you see change in clouds etc

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16
Q

Trace conditioning

A

Conditioning procedure in which the signal occurs many minutes or hours before what is signaled. The conditional stimulus occurs a long time before the unconditional stimulus

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17
Q

Inhibitory

A

descriptor for a type of Pavlovian conditioning in which the conditional stimulus indicates that no unconditional stimulus will occur - conditional responses are suppressed

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18
Q

Simultaneous conditioning

A

conditioning procedure in which the signal and what signaled occur at the same time

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19
Q

Backward conditioning

A

Pavlovian conditioning procedure in which an unconditional stimulus is presented before conditional stimulus

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20
Q

Extinction

A

In pavlovian conditioning, the signal occurs without what is signaled and the conditional response goes away

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21
Q

Spontaneous response

A

an effect in which after extinction and a break without the signal or what is signaled, the signal occurs alone and the conditional response reappears

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22
Q

Appetitive

A

A type of stimulus that is something you like and for which you will work

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23
Q

Aversive

A

A type of stimulus that is something you dont like and for which you wont work

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24
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

An effect in which an animal notices similarities between objects and responds to the objects as if they were the same

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25
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

An effect in which an animal notices differences between objects and responds to the objects as though they were different

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26
Q

higher order conditioning

A

A conditioning procedure in which an already conditioned signal is paired with a neutral stimulus or currently meaningless event

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27
Q

Phobias

A

A descriptor for extreme and irrational fear

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28
Q

systematic desensitization

A

therapeutic treatment for phobias

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29
Q

operant (instrumental) conditioning

A

Also known as instrumental learning in which the consequences of our behavior matter

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30
Q

Instrumental learning

A

The process of interacting with some response option that has an effect on the environment

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31
Q

Law of effect

A

A description for the finding that we learn about situations and behavior that lead to something we like and do not learn to associate situations and behavior that lead to something we dont like - in other words desired or satisfying actions or outcomes = more likely to be repeated in future opposite true for dissatisfying outcomes/actions

32
Q

Satisfaction

A

An effect known as stamping in, we learn from behaviors in situations that lead to something we like

33
Q

Discomfort

A

An effect also known as stamping out; we do not associate our behaviors with situations that lead to something we dont like.

34
Q

Antecedents

A

A situation that makes it possible for us to respond and tells us what we might get for that response

35
Q

Behavior

A

Any observable action, including words, gestures, responses, and are affected by a situation to produce or remove some outcome. Behavior can also refer to biological activity, including actions on the cellular level

36
Q

Consequences

A

Again, the outcome of behavior that affect what well do in the future

37
Q

contingencies

A

If then rule, if you do this then that will happen (behavior = consequence)

38
Q

reinforcement

A

When behavior produces this consequence, that behavior will occur in the future

39
Q

punishment

A

when behavior produces this consequence, then that behavior will not continue to occur in the future

40
Q

positive

A

When this behavior occurs then this consequence will occur

41
Q

negative

A

When this behavior occurs, then this consequence will not occur

42
Q

dead man test

A

test to determine whether something is a behavior is to ask if a dead man can do it in other words if the behavior is governed by gravity and not antecedent events.

43
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

AN operant procedure in which behavior produces a consequence and that behavior will continue to occur in similar situations in the future examples include Turning the keys in your ignition to start your car’s engine
Answering a call to speak with a potential employer
Checking your email to receive a message from a friend
Flipping a switch to turn on a light when you walk into a room

44
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

occurs when something unpleasant or uncomfortable is removed or taken away in order to increase the likelihood of the desired behavior examples include Taking a long route home to avoid a scary dog
Quietly leaving a party to avoid a person you dislike
Adding a phone number to your blocked calls list to avoid that caller
Turning off a light when you leave a room to avoid a high electric bill

45
Q

Positive punishment

A

giving an undesirable consequence after an unwanted behavior to make it less appealing example include Trying to eat your brother’s leftovers and getting yelled at
Answering a call then speaking with a telemarketer
Checking your email and receiving a complaint
Touching a metal surface in the winter and receiving a static shock

46
Q

Negative punishment

A

remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior example include Yelling at your sister then losing your allowance
Driving while intoxicated then losing your license
Talking in class and being sent into the hallway alone
Lying to your friend then your friend temporarily stops talking to you

47
Q

Escape

A

Conditioning procedure in which something you want is happening, your response makes it stop, and you are more likely that you will respond similarly in the future

48
Q

Avoidance

A

Conditioning procedure in which something you dont want to happen if you dont respond, so you respond to prevent it. in other words specific behaviors that people use to ensure they’re not involved in a specific situation, or that they can leave a situation they’ve already entered example… getting a flu shot or going for regular check up to avoid getting sick

49
Q

Target behavior

A

A type of behavior specifically the response in which were interested

50
Q

Extintion

A

IN operant conditioning behavior which was previously reinforced now produces no consequences and goes away; the response is not reinforced and decreases

51
Q

Extinction burst

A

An effect in which behavior that was previously reinforced occurs at a higher rate without consequence at the beginning of extinction

52
Q

Partial reinforcement extinction effect

A

An effect in which behavior only occasionally lasts longer without consequence than behavior reinforced every time when consequences are no longer available

53
Q

Shaping

A

the process of training a learned behavior that would not normally occur. For each action closer to the desired outcome, a reinforcement or reward is provided until the target behavior is achieved

54
Q

Application of shaping in outside world

A

training service animals to fulfil certain tasks like rats to detect landmines using there vastly superior sense of smell

55
Q

reinforcers

A

A type of stimulus presented as consequences which increases the future probability of a behavior

56
Q

reinforcer test

A

Also known as a contingency analysis, the test is a way to determine if the consequence you selected is a reinforcer and increases the frequency of a behavior

57
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

A type of stimulus known as unconditioned reinforcers in which biologically important consequences make your behavior more likely in the future

58
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

Type of stimulus known as conditioned reinforcer in which consequences that were paired with primary reinforcers or already meaningful reinforcers that will make your behavior’s more likely in the future

59
Q

Schedules of reinforcement

A

A description in words and numbers of how and when well earn reinforcers

59
Q

Ratio

A

Reinforcer produced by responses

59
Q

fixed

A

The requirement for each reinforcer is the same

60
Q

Varible

A

The requirement for each reinforcer is different but varies around an average

60
Q

interval

A

Reinforcers require at least two responses and a specific amount of time

60
Q

Fixed ratio (FR)

A

Schedules of reinforcement win which reinforcers are produced after a set number of response

60
Q

Variable ratio (VR)

A

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcers are produced after an average amount of response

61
Q

Fixed interval (FI)

A

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcers are produced after a set amount of time and a few responses

61
Q

Variable interval (VI)

A

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcers are produced after an average amount of time and a few responses

62
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that has occurred but hasn`t been demonstrated yet

63
Q

Cognitive map

A

The assumption that we recreate a mental image of areas in our physical surroundings

64
Q

Attentional phase

A

A phase of social learning in which an observer watches a model doing something

65
Q

Retention phase

A

a phase of social learning in which an observer remembers what the model did and can imitate that response later

66
Q

production phase

A

a phase of social learning in which an observer copies what the model demonstrated

67
Q

motivational phase

A

a phase of social learning in which the observer obtain the same outcome as the model for the same response

68
Q

biological preparedness

A

the result in which some events serve as better signals or conditional stimuli than others due to evolution

69
Q

learned helplessness

A

experiencing an aversive situation you cant control prevents you from learning to control other aversive situations

70
Q

bodo doll experiment

A

demonstrates how the behavior of adults easily influences children. During the experiment, adults received praise for their aggressive behavior, and as a result, the likelihood of the children striking the doll increased

71
Q

4 phases of observational learning

A

attentional, retention, motor reproduction, and motivational

PSY midterm 2 (6 decks)

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