Module 8: Late Adulthood and End of Life

Question 1

What is the term for comfort care for a terminally ill individual? Hint: the word starts with the letter “P.”

Answer 1

Pallative

Question 2

True or false? Alzheimer’s does not affect people who are in their 40s.

Answer 2

false

Question 3

True or false? Some people experience rapid memory loss and decreased cognitive abilities as a result of Alzheimer’s Disease, while other’s progression with the disease is much slower.

Answer 3

true

Question 4

Seventy-year-old Donna lost her keys. She loses them every week. But, she’s always able to retrace her steps and find them. Is this most likely a sign of Alzheimer’s Disease or an age-related change?

Answer 4

age related change

Question 5

A child who has a biological parent with early-onset Alzheimer’s Disease carries a _____ chance of inheriting the mutation that may cause early-onset AD

Answer 5

50%

Question 6

Maxine works in an assisted living facility. She encourages residents toget involved in as many events and social gatherings as possible. Whichof the following socioemotional theories of aging best fits her viewpoint:Disengagement, Activity, or Selective Optimization with Compensation.

Answer 6

Activity

Question 7

Jan is about to celebrate her 80th birthday. She’s fond of saying, “It’s all downhill after 75!” After she retired, she gradually stopped socializing with her friends. She now rarely leaves her house. Which of the following socioemotional theories of aging best fits the meaning behind what she is saying: Disengagement, Activity, or Selective Optimization with Compensation

Answer 7

Disengagement

Question 8

Which of the following individuals is NOT in late adulthood?

Answer 8

55-year-old man

Question 9

Good answers will be written in complete sentences.
Describe 2 typical symptoms observed in the middle stages of Alzheimer’s Disease.

Answer 9

3 pts for reasons: trouble with self-care and independence,forgetting family members’ names, gait problems

Question 10

Good answers will be written in complete sentences. Compare and contrast active and passive euthanasia. Be sure to both compare and contrast.

Answer 10

Contrast: Active—agent is administered to hasten death. Passive: life-saving measures are not used. Compare: both are a choice to not allow life to continue/prolong

Question 11

Good answers will be written in complete sentences.
Why is the “Wear and Tear” theory of biological aging an inadequate explanation of why we age? Be detailed in your answer

Answer 11

Answers should focus on the following: The body normally can repair itself—so the theory doesn’t actually address what causes aging; being more active actually promotes health

Question 12

Good answers will be written in complete sentences. Describe Elizabeth Kubler-Ross’s five stages of dying.

Answer 12

Answers need to describe: Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

Question 13

Thoroughly answer the essay question in complete sentence. Your friend’s father has just been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease. Your friend says, “This is because he drank so much Fresca out of those stupid aluminum cans. And the aspartame—I bet that contributed, too. “Write out a response that gently corrects your friend’s misconceptions and describes what is actually known about the causes of Alzheimer’s Disease.

Answer 13

Answers must include the following: indicate that research doesn’t support aluminum and aspartame as primary causes(4 pts);indicate actual causes: genetics (APOE gene on chromosome19–one allele increases the risk, mutations on chromosome 1,14, 21 that increase risk for early onset), amyloid plaques &neurofibrillary tangles harming cells, acetylcholine deficiency, vascular issues. 6 pts

Question 14

True or false? Individuals who develop Alzheimer’s Disease at a young age tend to have a version of the disease that is strongly genetically-based.

Answer 14

true

Question 15

Seventy-year-old Elizabeth has trouble remembering how to use her DVR and relies on her daughter to occasionally help her. Is this most likely a sign of Alzheimer’s Disease or an age-related change?

Answer 15

age-related change

Question 16

Seventy-year-old Abe thinks that the current year is 1997. Should his family be concerned that he might have Alzheimer’s Disease?

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

For the following example, indicate which stage of Elizabeth Kubler-Ross’s Stage theory is being depicted. When Alex heard about his wife’s diagnosis of a terminal illness, he said to the doctor, “Well, what if we really changed her diet? I mean, I think if we cut out all trans fats…”

Answer 17

bargaining

Question 18

Which of the following is the best summary of Activity theory?

Answer 18

Older adults should remain as active as possible.

Question 19

Who typically live longer: women or men?

Answer 19

women

Question 20

Good answers will be written in complete sentences. Describe 3 typical symptoms observed in the early stages of Alzheimer’s Disease.

Answer 20

Three typical symptoms are;
Declarative problems where odd words are replaced with familiar words
Decline is some everyday activities that are noticed or not by others
Awareness of the individual that he is developing symptoms of AD which makes him fall into depression

Question 21

Good answers will be written in complete sentences. Describe 3 typical symptoms observed in the early stages of Alzheimer’s Disease.

Answer 21

3 pts for reasons: Forgetting common nouns, forgetting some names, other speech difficulties, trouble with daily activities, change in mood

Question 22

Good answers will be written in complete sentences. Compare and contrast active and passive euthanasia. Be sure to both compare and contrast.

Answer 22

Euthanasia is the painless killing or willingly letting someone die due to severe pain and injury . In active Euthanasia , the agent which could be the doctor administers a substance that hastens death , while in passive euthanasia , no substances is administered instead nothing is giving to help save or maintain the persons life .

Question 23

Good answers will be written in complete sentences. Compare and contrast active and passive euthanasia. Be sure to both compare and contrast.

Answer 23

Contrast : Active—agent is administered to hasten death . Passive : life - saving measures are not used . Compare : both are a choice to not allow life to continue / prolong .

Question 24

Compare and contrast Primary and Secondary aging.

Answer 24

Primary aging is biological aging caused by genes , this aging is unavoidable , while Secondary aging is not inevitable and is mostly cause by our life’s choices and the environment .

Question 25

Compare and contrast Primary and Secondary aging.

Answer 25

Answers need to include the following : Primary—genetic , unavoidable . Secondary — caused by behavioral choices and the environment .

Question 26

Which theory do you think is the most helpful for older adults: Activity Theory or Selective Optimization with Compensation Theory? Pick one of these theories, describe it, and then indicate why you think that this theory would be helpful for older adults. Be specific and detailed.

Answer 26

Your Answer : In my opinion , the Selective Optimization and Compensation Theory is most helpful for older adults . This is the theory of successful aging were the older adult due to inevitable decline as they age Select the activities that they can do to stay active especially since they can not do some activities due to physical decline in aging , then they optimize by practicing what they can do so that they do not loose the cognitive ability of that activity as described by the “use it or loose” it phrase in cognitive development and finally, the older adults need to compensate for every activity they carry out by resting and or in some cases driving slowly or walking slowly to accommodate these period of physical decline as they age. I think the Selective Optimization with Compensation theory balances out the other two theory’s properly. The theory of disengagement and active theory. Because older adults need to remain active and at the same time in moderation and this is what the theory of selection optimization with compensation portrays

Question 27

Which theory do you think is the most helpful for older adults: Activity Theory or Selective Optimization with Compensation Theory? Pick one of these theories, describe it, and then indicate why you think that this theory would be helpful for older adults. Be specific and detailed.

Answer 27

2 pts for theory description. Activity theory description should focus on increasing activities, while SOC has to do with being more selective and careful, maintaining activities, and adapting and compensating appropriately.1 pts for reasons explaining how the theory can be helpful.

Question 28

When diagnosing Alzheimer’s Disease, why is it important to rule out other illnesses? Be specific in your answer, indicating what other illnesses and disease may mirror Alzheimer’s symptoms. Finally, describe two types of assessments/tests that should be conducted when making a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Be sure to mention the purpose of each assessment.

Answer 28

It ‘s important to rule out other illnesses because Alzheimer is a combination of several dementias a neurocognitive disorder that decreases cognitive abilities due to physical reasons of certain diseases . These are neurocognitive disorders that are also factors that aids the processes of Alzheimer’s , diseases like schizophrenia and osteoporosis . Also , diseases like autism may also mirror in Alzheimer’s diseases ( AD ) . In addition it is common for adults to face some cognitive changes as they age which might look like some symptoms of AD like for instance mild memory loss , and so to be sure that someone actually has Alzheimer ‘s diseases a thorough diagnosis is to be carried out . Two types of tests that should be carried out when making a diagnosis of Alzheimer ‘s Diseases are ;
Psychiatrist / Psychologist screens the mental health of the individual to be sure the individual is his or her right senses
The nurse carries out screening of the Physical health of the individual with AD matching it with physical declines and symptoms in a person with AD for example Gait problems . These can also be enhanced by using the FMRI that is , the function MRI to check imaging of the brain .

Question 29

When diagnosing Alzheimer’s Disease, why is it important to rule out other illnesses? Be specific in your answer, indicating what other illnesses and disease may mirror Alzheimer’s symptoms. Finally, describe two types of assessments/tests that should be conducted when making a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Be sure to mention the purpose of each assessment.

Answer 29

5 pts for the following: there are multiple causes to memory loss; causes include mental health issues, physical health issues, other dementias. Then 5 points for describing two assessments from the list and why each is needed: fmri, mental health assessment, health screening, test for memory functioning

Question 30

True or false? About half of the individuals who take medications to treat Alzheimer’s Disease find that the progression of the disease seems to
temporarily slow down.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

For the following descriptions, identify the most likely type of neurocognitive disorder most likely indicated by these symptoms and situations.
Vera began drinking heavily in her early 20s. She continued this pattern throughout her life and is now in her 70s. She has been hospitalized with liver disease. Prior to this hospitalization, her children noticed some that she’s been having trouble dressing herself and is exhibiting some marked forgetfulness.

Answer 31

Substance/Medication Induced

Question 32

True or false? The length of time from the beginning to final stages of Alzheimer’s Disease varies greatly across individuals.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Seventy-year-old Elizabeth has trouble remembering how to use her DVR and relies on her daughter to occasionally help her. Is this most likely a sign of Alzheimer’s Disease or an age-related change?

Answer 33

age-related change

Question 34

What is the term for comfort care for a terminally ill individual? Hint: the word starts with the letter “P.”

Answer 34

pallative

Question 35

Jan is a widow. After her husband died, she stopped spending time with friends. Over a decade later, Junie is in her 80’s. She’s now not as involved in her church, and feels that she’s too old to do much. Which of the following socioemotional theories of aging best fits her viewpoint: Disengagement, Activity, or Selective Optimization with Compensation.

Answer 35

Disengagement

Question 36

True or false? According to Selection with Optimization theory, older adults should be more selective in what activities they choose to do.

Answer 36

true

Question 37

Who typically live longer: women or men?

Answer 37

women

Question 38

Describe 2 typical symptoms observed in the middle stages of Alzheimer’s Disease.

Answer 38

In the middle stages of Alzheimer ‘s Disease , older adults started to have problem with basic activities of daily living , should not cook or drive

Question 39

Describe 2 typical symptoms observed in the middle stages of Alzheimer’s Disease.

Answer 39

3 pts for reasons : trouble with self - care and independence , forgetting family members ‘ names , gait problems .

Question 40

Based on what you learned in this module, what do you think it means to age successfully? In your answer, be sure to include concepts that you learned in the module (but use your own words in your description).

Answer 40

Age successfully is when older adult is able to manage their emotional and physical effectively . They will selective on what activities more suitable for themselves . They are willing to maintain the practice of body training even they may have decline in some other areas . They accept the fact that they can not function as they used to and learn how to compensate to new changes . Making ourselves changes to adapt new environment seems very normal to all of us , but it is very important for older adults to adapt to new changes rather than decline by withdraw themselves from society .

Question 41

Why is the “Wear and Tear” theory of biological aging an inadequate explanation of why we age? Be detailed in your answer.

Answer 41

Wear and Tear theory focus on our body will age by time , but there are many holes in this theory that can not explain how our body works . In fact , our body is able to repair itself under normal circumstances , then the question do how our body work at old ages ? It will be able to repair or repair at slow speed that can not keep up with the tear ? Since the theory can not explain all of these question , so this theory is inadequate explanation of why we age

Question 42

Why is the “Wear and Tear” theory of biological aging an inadequate explanation of why we age? Be detailed in your answer.

Answer 42

Answers should focus on the following : The body normally can repair itself—so the theory does n’t actually address what causes aging ; being more active actually promotes health .

Question 43

Why do theorists and practitioners today criticize disengagement theory? Be specific.

Answer 43

About disengagement theory focus on how older adults withdraw themselves from society in order to prepare for death , so they started to decrease social interaction . So many theorists and practitioners have criticized about this theory because the withdraw from society also involving in physical , and cognitive consequences from aging . The view of “ use it or lose it “ is more suitable to philosophy for experts and practitioners .

Question 44

Why do theorists and practitioners today criticize disengagement theory? Be specific.

Answer 44

Withdrawal can harm someone’s physical health, cognition, and social life.

Question 45

Your friend’s father has just been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease. Your friend says, “This is because he drank so much Fresca out of those stupid aluminum cans. And the aspartame—I bet that contributed, too. “Write out a response that gently corrects your friend’s misconceptions and describes what is actually known about the causes of Alzheimer’s Disease.

Answer 45

Answers must include the following: indicate that research doesn’t support aluminum and aspartame as primary causes(4 pts);indicate actual causes: genetics (APOE gene on chromosome19–one allele increases the risk, mutations on chromosome 1,14, 21 that increase risk for early onset), amyloid plaques &neurofibrillary tangles harming cells, acetylcholine deficiency, vascular issues. 6 pts indicate actual causes: genetics (APOE gene on chromosome 19–one allele increases the risk, mutations on chromosome 1, 14, 21that increase risk for early onset), amyloid plaques & neurofibrillary tangles harming cells, acetylcholine deficiency, vascular issues. 6pts

Question 46

True or false? Most doctors today define death as occurring when the heart and lungs have ceased to function.

Answer 46

False

Question 47

True or false? Trouble with remembering to pay monthly bills (when this was not a problem before) is a warning sign of Alzheimer’s Disease.

Answer 47

true

Question 48

True or false? Some neurocognitive disorders are caused by severe drug abuse.

Answer 48

true

Question 49

For the following descriptions, identify the most likely type of neurocognitive disorder most likely indicated by these symptoms and situations.
Vera began drinking heavily in her early 20s. She continued this pattern throughout her life and is now in her 70s. She has been hospitalized with liver disease. Prior to this hospitalization, her children noticed some that she’s been having trouble dressing herself and is exhibiting some marked forgetfulness

Answer 49

Substance / Medication Induced

Question 50

For the following descriptions, identify the most likely type of neurocognitive disorder most likely indicated by these symptoms and situations. Mr. Long experiences tremors and can no longer stand upright. He is also experiencing some memory problems.

Answer 50

Parkinson ‘s Disease

Question 51

True or false? Most older adults live in a nursing home

Answer 51

False

Question 52

True or false? According to Kubler-Ross, the “five stages of grief” should occur in order.

Answer 52

False

Question 53

Which of the following individuals is NOT in late adulthood?

Answer 53

55 year-old man

Question 54

Describe 2 typical symptoms observed in the middle stages of Alzheimer’s Disease.

Answer 54

3 pts for reasons : trouble with self - care and independence , forgetting family members ‘ names , gait problems .

Question 55

Based on what you learned in this module, what do you think it means to age successfully? In your answer, be sure to include concepts that you learned in the module (but use your own words in your description).

Answer 55

Answers need to: address the prompt (2 pts) and include module material (1 pts)

Question 56

Describe two reasons that experts give to explain why women typically outlive men?

Answer 56

Answers need to describe two of the following : genetics , risky behaviors , less vigilance about health .

Question 57

Compare and contrast Disengagement theory and Activity theory. Be sure to both “compare” and “contrast”! For example, consider what is the reason behind each theory.

Answer 57

1pts for comparing : both theories address what will give older adults satisfaction . 2pts for contrast : Disengagement recommends withdrawal from all activities , while Activity recommends being as active as possible .

Question 58

When diagnosing Alzheimer’s Disease, why is it important to rule out other illnesses? Be specific in your answer, indicating what other illnesses and disease may mirror Alzheimer’s symptoms. Finally, describe two types of assessments/tests that should be conducted when making a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Be sure to mention the purpose of each assessment.

Answer 58

5 pts for the following: there are multiple causes to memory loss; causes include mental health issues, physical health issues, other dementias.
Then 5 points for describing two assessments from the list and why each is needed: fmri, mental health assessment, health screening, test for memory functioning