Module 2 Beginnings Flashcards
What is a longitudinal study?
A longitudinal study studies the same people and follows them through different ages to study them and takes a long time.
What is a cross-sectional study?
A cross-sectional study runs at the same time and studies different people all at the same time.
Compare and contrast longitudinal and cross-sectional studies.
A longitudinal design enables researchers to observe change over time as well as which qualities in an individual remain stable, while a cross-sectional design does not address either of these very well. However, it is generally more difficult to conduct longitudinal researcher due to the extensive time required. A cross-sectional study simply investigates a cross-section of a population at once. Both study approaches, however, can be used to answer questions about certain aspects of lifespan development.
What is Naturalistic Observation?
Naturalistic observation is a research method that involves observing a research subject outside of a research setting and in a more natural location. Can observe how people act naturally. Researchers can only access the information that they directly observe. A good design for obtaining detailed information on a person’s behaviors.
What is a case study?
Similarly, case studies often involve direct observation of research subjects. But, case studies also involve interviewing the participant in great detail. As such, it is a very detailed examination of an individual. Provides rich and detailed information on one individual. May not be applicable to other cases. Particularly helpful for showcasing an unusual case to spur additional discussion.
What is a Survey/Interview?
Surveys can be administered anonymously, such as via the Internet or mail, or in person. If they are administered in person, they would take place in an interview format. Surveys ask questions about attitudes, opinions, and the frequencies of certain behaviors. Can obtain a large amount of information with a large sample. People may not accurately report on their own thoughts and behaviors! The most straightforward way to know what someone thinks is to simply ask them, as in a survey or interview
What is a Correlational Research?
In correlational research, the researcher is interested in knowing how two variables, or things, relate together. To answer this, researchers use statistics to indicate the degree and direction of the relationship. The degree of the relation tells you how strong the correlation is, while the direction indicates whether both variables increase together (that would be a positive relationship) or whether as one variable increases, the other decreases (a negative, or inverse, relationship). An example of a negative association or relationship would be as one gets older, one throws fewer temper tantrums. Gives concise summary on how two variables relate to one another. Correlation does not equal causation; a correlational study doesn’t tell what actually caused any change. Popular study design, shows how different aspects of human nature relate to other aspects.
What are experiments as a type of research?
An experiment is a research design in which the researcher tightly controls the setting, as well as participants and variables in the research study. In addition, the researcher manipulates a factor that is believed to have some influence. Researchers can directly observe a manipulated variable effecting change. People may act unnaturally in experimental settings. A researcher seeking to know what causes something else should choose this design.
What is Amniocentesis?
Amniocentesis involves taking a sample of amniotic fluid by way of a syringe. The fluid can be tested for genetic disorders based on the chromosomal pattern of the fetus. Since a syringe is used to obtain the sample and must pierce into the womb, problems may arise including bleeding, infection, or miscarriage which can occur in 1 in 300 cases.
Amniocentesis involves removing a sample of amniotic fluid through a syringe. The fluid is then tested for chromosomal and genetic abnormalities. However, there is a risk of miscarriage with amniocentesis.
What is an ultrasound?
The ultrasound is used to create an image of the developing fetus and can show developmental age, gender, position, number of fetuses, and can be used to show and investigate birth defects. Ultrasound is generally considered safe when used in accordance with guidelines.
Ultrasound directs high frequency soundwaves into the mother’s abdomen to create an image of the developing baby. Ultrasound can show the position of the baby, gender, gestational age, and some brain defects. Noninvasive and generally viewed to be safe, a general rule is to have fewer than five ultrasounds during pregnancy due to a possible risk of low birthweight.
What is Chorionic Villus Sampling?
Chorionic villus sampling takes a sample off of the placenta of the chorionic villi, which have the same genetic material as the fetus. This test is also used to screen for genetic disorders in high risk patients or fetuses with previous questionable ultrasound findings. There is a higher risk of miscarriage as compared to amniocentesis and also carries a risk of causing limb deformities. Bleeding, infection, and pre-term labor are also possible.
Chorionic villus sampling involves inserting a tube and removing tissue from the end of one or more chorionic villi. CVS is used to detect genetic abnormalities, but there is a risk of miscarriage and limb deformity.
What is Passive genotype-environment interaction?
Passive genotype-environment interaction: the child’s role is passive; the genes passed along by the parents, as well as the environmental stimulation, work together to bring out certain qualities in the child
What is Evocative genotype-environment interaction?
Evocative genotype-environment interaction: genes passed along by the parents result in the child behaving in ways that evoke particular responses in others, resulting in environmental stimulation of certain qualities in the child.
What is Active genotype-environment interaction?
Active genotype-environment interaction: genes passed along by the parents result in the child actively seeking out environmental stimulation for certain qualities.
When is the Germinal Period?
The Germinal Period takes place during the first two weeks after conception.
