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RT 202 > MODULE 8: Digital Medical Imaging > Flashcards

MODULE 8: Digital Medical Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

What is a two-dimensional function Function f(x,y) where x and y are spatial coordinates and f at any x,y is related to the brightness at that point?

A

Image

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2
Q

What is a 2D representation of a continuous image by a 2D array of discrete samples?

A

Digital Image

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3
Q

What is each element of the 2D array called?

A

Pixel

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4
Q

If the digital image f (x, y, z) is 3D, then the picture element is called a ?

A

Voxel (Volume element)

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5
Q

What is the fourth dimension?

A

t = time

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6
Q

What comprises a 3D image?

A

Height, Width and Volume

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7
Q

What is a rectangular arrangement of numbers into rows & columns

A

Matrix

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8
Q

What is each number in a matrix referred to as?

A

Matrix element or entry

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9
Q

What is the order of the dimensions of a matrix?

A

Number of rows and columns of the matrix (y, x)

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10
Q

What is it called if the image is obtained through a digitizer?

A

Digitized

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11
Q

If it is generated digitally, what is the image called?

A

Digital Image

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12
Q

If it is generated digitally, what is the image called?

A

Digital Image

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13
Q

Represent physical, chemical, & physiological properties of the state of anatomical structures or physiological processes when the image was captured

A

Gray Levels

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14
Q

The most radiolucent structure in the anatomy

A

Air

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15
Q

What is the device used to measure penetrating abilities of x-rays

A

Penetrometer

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16
Q

What represents the optical density of the small square area of the film?

A

Digitizer

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17
Q

Represents the relative linear attenuation coefficient of the tissue

A

Computed Tomography

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18
Q

How many Hounsfield Units does the Air have?

A

-1000

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19
Q

How many Hounsfield Units does the Water have?

A

0

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20
Q

How many Hounsfield Units does the Bone have?

A

1000

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21
Q

How many Hounsfield Units does the Muscle have?

A

50

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22
Q

How many Hounsfield Units does the Brain White have?

A

45

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23
Q

How many Hounsfield Units does the Brain Gray have?

A

40

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24
Q

How many Hounsfield Units does the Fat have?

A

-100

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25
Q

How many Hounsfield Units does the Lung have?

A

-200

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26
Q

Corresponds to the MR signal response of the tissue

A

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

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27
Q

In MRI; what are the signals in these colors?

White Matter Gray -
Bone Dark -
CSF Bright -

A

Intermediate Signal
Low Signal
High Signal

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28
Q

Echo signal of the utz
beam when it penetrates
the tissues

A

UTZ or Ultrasound

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29
Q

The four image results of UTZ

A

Isoechoic
Hypoechoic
Hyperechoic
Anechoic

30
Q

2D projection image is the ordered pair (M, N) signals, it is the product of M x N bits where 2k is the gray level range

A

Image size

31
Q

2D projection image is the ordered pair (M, N) signals, it is the product of M x N bits where 2k is the gray level range

A

Image size

32
Q

A digital image can be printed on film or paper as a hard copy or displayed on a CRT & LCD as a soft copy,

A

Image Display

33
Q

What is done to when the pixel values are first converted to analog-signals, to digital-to-analog conversion

A

To display a soft copy digital medical image.

34
Q

What are the three parameters to measure the Quality of a digital image

A

Spatial Resolution, Density Resolution and Signal-to-Noise Ratio

35
Q

related to the number of pixels
and the range of pixel values used
to represent the object of interest
in the image

A

Spatial Resolution & Density Resolution

36
Q

means that the image has strong
signal with little noise

A

A high signal-to-noise ratio

37
Q

Provide a standardized way to store the information describing an image in a computer file

A

Image File

38
Q

One or more images representing the projection of an anatomical volume onto an image plane

A

Projection or planar imaging

39
Q

A series of images representing thin slices through a volume

A

tomographic or multi-slice 2D imaging

40
Q

A set of data from a volume

A

volume or 3D

41
Q

Multiple acquisition of the same tomographic or volume image
over time to produce a dynamic series of acquisitions

A

4D

42
Q

Describes how the image data are organized inside the image
file and how the pixel data should be interpreted by a software
for the correct loading and visualization.

A

File Format

43
Q

4 MAJOR FILE FORMATS USED IN MEDICAL IMAGING

A
  1. Analyze
  2. Nifti
  3. Minc
  4. Dicom
44
Q

Representation of the internal structure or function of an anatomic region in the form of an array of picture elements called pixels or voxels.

A

Medical Image

45
Q

NUMERICAL VALUE OF A PIXEL DEPENDS ON:

A
  1. Imaging Modality
  2. Acquisition Protocol
  3. Reconstruction
  4. Post-processing
46
Q

Number of bits used to encode the information of each pixel

A

Pixel Depth

47
Q

In Pixel depth, Every image is stored in a file & kept in the memory of a computer as a group of ?

A

bytes (group of 8 bits)

48
Q

The amount of information per pixel is?

A

Color Depth

49
Q

1 bit of information per pixel

A

monochrome

50
Q

8 bits of information per pixel

A

grey-scale

51
Q

8 or 16 bits of information per pixel

A

color (RGB)

52
Q

24 or 32 bits of information per pixel

A

true color (RGB)

53
Q

Specifies how the pixel data should be
interpreted for the correct image
display as a monochrome or color
image; Each pixel of the image is associated with color in a predefined color map

A

Photometric Interpretation

54
Q

What kind of Photometric Interpretation does X-ray, CT, & MRI use?

A

gray scale photometric interpretation

55
Q

What kind of Photometric Interpretation does Nuclear Medicine, PET, & SPECT?

A

color map or color palette/LUT

56
Q

Stored at the beginning of the file as a header & contains at
least the image matrix dimensions, spatial resolutions, pixel
depth, & photometric interpretation

A

Metadata

57
Q

Numerical values of the pixels are stored

A

Pixel Data

58
Q

2 Categories for Medical Image File Formats:

A
  1. DICOM
  2. Analyze, Nifti & Minc
59
Q

Formats intended to standardize the images generated by
diagnostic modalities

A

DICOM

60
Q

Formats born with the aim to facilitate & strengthen post-processing analysis

A

Analyze, Nifti & Minc

61
Q

1980’s, Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, USA and consists of two binary files: image file with extension

A

Analyze

62
Q

The Two binary files; image file with an extension of Analyze

______ = contains the voxel raw data
______ = header file, contains metadata

A

.img
.hdr

63
Q

What does NIFTI stand for?

A

Neuroimaging Informatics Technology Initiative

64
Q

2000s | National Institute of Health
and can be thought as revised Analyze format

A

NIFTI

65
Q

Merging the header & image information into one file extension

A

.nii

66
Q

1992 | Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) and functions to provide a flexible data format for medical
imaging

A

MINC

67
Q

When was DICOM developed?

A

1990s

68
Q

Who developed DICOM?

A

ACR - American College of Radiology
NEMA - National Electric Manufacturers Association

69
Q

“an image
that is separate from its metadata becomes _________ as medical image”

A

meaningless

70
Q

contains the most complete
description of the entire procedure

A

DICOM header

RT 202 (8 decks)

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