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RT 202 > MODULE 8: Digital Medical Imaging > Flashcards

MODULE 8: Digital Medical Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

What is a two-dimensional function Function f(x,y) where x and y are spatial coordinates and f at any x,y is related to the brightness at that point?

A

Image

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2
Q

What is a 2D representation of a continuous image by a 2D array of discrete samples?

A

Digital Image

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3
Q

What is each element of the 2D array called?

A

Pixel

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4
Q

If the digital image f (x, y, z) is 3D, then the picture element is called a ?

A

Voxel (Volume element)

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5
Q

What is the fourth dimension?

A

t = time

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6
Q

What comprises a 3D image?

A

Height, Width and Volume

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7
Q

What is a rectangular arrangement of numbers into rows & columns

A

Matrix

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8
Q

What is each number in a matrix referred to as?

A

Matrix element or entry

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9
Q

What is the order of the dimensions of a matrix?

A

Number of rows and columns of the matrix (y, x)

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10
Q

What is it called if the image is obtained through a digitizer?

A

Digitized

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11
Q

If it is generated digitally, what is the image called?

A

Digital Image

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12
Q

If it is generated digitally, what is the image called?

A

Digital Image

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13
Q

Represent physical, chemical, & physiological properties of the state of anatomical structures or physiological processes when the image was captured

A

Gray Levels

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14
Q

The most radiolucent structure in the anatomy

A

Air

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15
Q

What is the device used to measure penetrating abilities of x-rays

A

Penetrometer

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16
Q

What represents the optical density of the small square area of the film?

A

Digitizer

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17
Q

Represents the relative linear attenuation coefficient of the tissue

A

Computed Tomography

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18
Q

How many Hounsfield Units does the Air have?

A

-1000

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19
Q

How many Hounsfield Units does the Water have?

A

0

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20
Q

How many Hounsfield Units does the Bone have?

A

1000

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21
Q

How many Hounsfield Units does the Muscle have?

A

50

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22
Q

How many Hounsfield Units does the Brain White have?

A

45

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23
Q

How many Hounsfield Units does the Brain Gray have?

A

40

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24
Q

How many Hounsfield Units does the Fat have?

A

-100

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25
How many Hounsfield Units does the Lung have?
-200
26
Corresponds to the MR signal response of the tissue
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
27
In MRI; what are the signals in these colors? White Matter Gray - Bone Dark - CSF Bright -
Intermediate Signal Low Signal High Signal
28
Echo signal of the utz beam when it penetrates the tissues
UTZ or Ultrasound
29
The four image results of UTZ
Isoechoic Hypoechoic Hyperechoic Anechoic
30
2D projection image is the ordered pair (M, N) signals, it is the product of M x N bits where 2k is the gray level range
Image size
31
2D projection image is the ordered pair (M, N) signals, it is the product of M x N bits where 2k is the gray level range
Image size
32
A digital image can be printed on film or paper as a hard copy or displayed on a CRT & LCD as a soft copy,
Image Display
33
What is done to when the pixel values are first converted to analog-signals, to digital-to-analog conversion
To display a soft copy digital medical image.
34
What are the three parameters to measure the Quality of a digital image
Spatial Resolution, Density Resolution and Signal-to-Noise Ratio
35
related to the number of pixels and the range of pixel values used to represent the object of interest in the image
Spatial Resolution & Density Resolution
36
means that the image has strong signal with little noise
A high signal-to-noise ratio
37
Provide a standardized way to store the information describing an image in a computer file
Image File
38
One or more images representing the projection of an anatomical volume onto an image plane
Projection or planar imaging
39
A series of images representing thin slices through a volume
tomographic or multi-slice 2D imaging
40
A set of data from a volume
volume or 3D
41
Multiple acquisition of the same tomographic or volume image over time to produce a dynamic series of acquisitions
4D
42
Describes how the image data are organized inside the image file and how the pixel data should be interpreted by a software for the correct loading and visualization.
File Format
43
4 MAJOR FILE FORMATS USED IN MEDICAL IMAGING
1. Analyze 2. Nifti 3. Minc 4. Dicom
44
Representation of the internal structure or function of an anatomic region in the form of an array of picture elements called pixels or voxels.
Medical Image
45
NUMERICAL VALUE OF A PIXEL DEPENDS ON:
1. Imaging Modality 2. Acquisition Protocol 3. Reconstruction 4. Post-processing
46
Number of bits used to encode the information of each pixel
Pixel Depth
47
In Pixel depth, Every image is stored in a file & kept in the memory of a computer as a group of ?
bytes (group of 8 bits)
48
The amount of information per pixel is?
Color Depth
49
1 bit of information per pixel
monochrome
50
8 bits of information per pixel
grey-scale
51
8 or 16 bits of information per pixel
color (RGB)
52
24 or 32 bits of information per pixel
true color (RGB)
53
Specifies how the pixel data should be interpreted for the correct image display as a monochrome or color image; Each pixel of the image is associated with color in a predefined color map
Photometric Interpretation
54
What kind of Photometric Interpretation does X-ray, CT, & MRI use?
gray scale photometric interpretation
55
What kind of Photometric Interpretation does Nuclear Medicine, PET, & SPECT?
color map or color palette/LUT
56
Stored at the beginning of the file as a header & contains at least the image matrix dimensions, spatial resolutions, pixel depth, & photometric interpretation
Metadata
57
Numerical values of the pixels are stored
Pixel Data
58
2 Categories for Medical Image File Formats:
1. DICOM 2. Analyze, Nifti & Minc
59
Formats intended to standardize the images generated by diagnostic modalities
DICOM
60
Formats born with the aim to facilitate & strengthen post-processing analysis
Analyze, Nifti & Minc
61
1980’s, Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, USA and consists of two binary files: image file with extension
Analyze
62
The Two binary files; image file with an extension of Analyze ______ = contains the voxel raw data ______ = header file, contains metadata
.img .hdr
63
What does NIFTI stand for?
Neuroimaging Informatics Technology Initiative
64
2000s | National Institute of Health and can be thought as revised Analyze format
NIFTI
65
Merging the header & image information into one file extension
.nii
66
1992 | Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) and functions to provide a flexible data format for medical imaging
MINC
67
When was DICOM developed?
1990s
68
Who developed DICOM?
ACR - American College of Radiology NEMA - National Electric Manufacturers Association
69
“an image that is separate from its metadata becomes _________ as medical image”
meaningless
70
contains the most complete description of the entire procedure
DICOM header

RT 202 (8 decks)

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