MODULE 7: Computers in Radiology Flashcards
Integral part of many activities within a Radiology Department
Computers
- Developed by ACR & NEMA
- A “Cooperative Standard” that allows compatibility between imaging systems, by connectivity of imaging & associated medical equipment’s of different vendor
DICOM
How many divided parts does DICOM 2011 have?
20 Parts
Functions (Feature) of DICOM (C, If, It, PN, PM, DV)
- Connectivity
- Information
- Integration
- PACS and Networking
- Portable Media
- DICOM viewers
THE FUNCTIONS ARE ACHIEVED BY PARAMETERS
DICOM Service Class
DICOM Service Classes in Radiology (V, S, Q/R, PM, PS, MS, SR)
- Verification
- Storage
- Query/Retrieve
- Print Management
- Procedure Step
- Media Storage
- Structured Reporting
is defined as a group of operations that a user wants to perform on data from a modality.
DICOM Service Class
Typical examples of Service Classes
- Print Management Service Class
- Storage Service Class
- Query/Retrieve Service Class
A type of Service class that deals with printing images on film or paper printer, with flexible film formats
Print Management Service Class
A service class that implies “sending” images
Storage Service Class
- A service class that deals with issues of “find, move and get” SOP (Service Object Pair) Classes.
- While “find” is used to query for images, “move” & “get” are used to commence a transfer
Query/Retrieve Service Class
identifies specific DICOM capabilities of an equipment or medical device.
DICOM Conformance
assists the exchange, management and integration of different medical data (including radiology), which supports patient care
Healthcare Standards
3 Significant Standards important to a Radiologist are?
DICOM, HL7, and IHE
What does IHE stand for?
Integrating the Health Enterprise
- Promotes the coordinated use of established standards such as DICOM and HL7 to address specific clinical needs in support of optimal patient care.
- Systems developed in accordance with ___ communicate with one another better, are easier to implement and enable care providers to use information more effectively
IHE - Integrating the Health Entreprise
- Provides protocols for the exchange, management and integration of clinical and administrative electronic health data.
- Formed in 1987, the accepted global standard for exchange, integration, sharing and retrieval of electronic health information in hospitals
Health Level Seven (HL7)
HL7 Interoperability Goals
- Improve Care Delivery
- Optimize Workflow
- Reduce Ambiguity
- Enhance Knowledge Transfer
Deal with Communication; Comprising Physical, Data Link, Network And Transport Communication Layers.
Layers 1-4 of HL7
Deal with functions like Session, Presentation & Application.
Layers 5-7 of HL7
is regarded as the Application Level, which deals with the definition of data to be exchanged.
Seventh Level of Highest Level of HL7
It coordinates the use of established standards like DICOM and HL7 but answers issues that remain unresolved within the scope of DICOM and HL7
IHE
IHE accomplishes this by a four stage process
A. Interoperability Problem Identification
B. Integration Profile Specification
C. Implementation and Testing at Connectathon
D. Integration Profile Conformance Statements
used for flagging images of Radiologic Procedures
KEY IMAGE NOTES PROFILE
useful, for example in a CT Scan of the abdomen, where out of the nearly 200 slices, useful information may be available in only four images
key images
Other IHE Integration Profiles include
- Scheduled Work Flow
- Patient Information Integration Reconciliation
- Post Processing Workflow,
- Charge Posting
- Simple Image And Numeric Reports
- Presentation Of Grouped Procedures
- Access To Radiology Information
- Exception Management Work Flow
- Basic Security
- Integration Profile
a ubiquitous healthcare service that derives, processes, offers and distributes data in an electronic format
RADIOLOGY
Integral to current Radiology practice, wherein images are acquired, processed, post-processed and displayed, in black and white, gray scale, or colour, using binary
numbers
DIGITAL IMAGING
smallest complete sample of an image;
tonal code given in binary code
pixel
range from pure black at weakest intensity to pure white strongest
grasycale
indicates shades of gray used to define each pixel and measured as number of bits
bit depth
RGB/ CYMK
colour
ability to distinguish fine spatial detail and differentiate objects in an image
spatial resolution
amount of grayscale or color differentiation that exists in image
contrast resolution
‘Viewing Boxes ’ of a Modern Radiologist
WORKSTATION
very core of a Radiologist’s daily work and central to the business of manufacturing medical imaging equipment’s
WORKSTATION
considered as the
single biggest challenge in radiological services
Image overload
Fundamental difference between Thin and
Thick Clients is based on
location of the
software applications.
exists when two or more computers
are connected together, thereby allowing them to
share data, equipment, and other digital electronic
resources
NETWORK
Operative Level: enables viewing and transfer imaging data between consoles of modalities
Radiologist
Operative Level: significantly expedites workflow
Patients
Operative Level: empowers a healthcare enterprise
Health Care Provider
possible by means of a combination of
network software and network hardware
‘Seamless’ Workflow
Networks may be classified on the basis of extent of its reach
Personal Area Network (PAN), Local Area
Network (LAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), Wide Area Network (WAN) or Global Area Network (GAN)
cover a small geographic area, like a
Radiology Department or hospital buildings; have a much higher data transfer rates in contrast to WAN, a smaller geographic range, and no dependency on leased telecommunication lines
LAN
A system for digital storage, transmission and retrieval of radiology images
PACS
Have both software and hardware components and directly interface with imaging modalities
PACS
software that is installed on the workstation to receive and display the radiology images
PACS viewer
Basic component of PACS System (7)
- PACS Central Server
- Database System
- DICOM Server
- Storage System
- Interfaces to RIS/HIS
- Web Server for Remote Access
- PACS Workstation
PACS has multiple advantages over film-based
cost saving
time saving
access
applications
integration
convergence
data handling
CAD
advance analysis
security and privacy
the practice of a Radiologist interpreting medical
images while not physically present in the location where the images are generated
TELERADIOLOGY
TELERADIOLOGY FOCUSES ON:
a. Efficient transfer of image data
b. Accurate representation of the graphic image at the remote site
c. Optimal utilization of radiologist time
d. Systems and processes leading to an overall increase in Radiologist productivity
TELERADIOLOGY TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURE
image acquisition
image transfer
image compression
image review
