MODULE 7: Computers in Radiology Flashcards by Ashley Seclon

Integral part of many activities within a Radiology Department

Computers

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Developed by ACR & NEMA
A “Cooperative Standard” that allows compatibility between imaging systems, by connectivity of imaging & associated medical equipment’s of different vendor

DICOM

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How many divided parts does DICOM 2011 have?

20 Parts

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Functions (Feature) of DICOM (C, If, It, PN, PM, DV)

Connectivity
Information
Integration
PACS and Networking
Portable Media
DICOM viewers

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THE FUNCTIONS ARE ACHIEVED BY PARAMETERS

DICOM Service Class

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DICOM Service Classes in Radiology (V, S, Q/R, PM, PS, MS, SR)

Verification
Storage
Query/Retrieve
Print Management
Procedure Step
Media Storage
Structured Reporting

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is defined as a group of operations that a user wants to perform on data from a modality.

DICOM Service Class

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Typical examples of Service Classes

Print Management Service Class
Storage Service Class
Query/Retrieve Service Class

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A type of Service class that deals with printing images on film or paper printer, with flexible film formats

Print Management Service Class

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A service class that implies “sending” images

Storage Service Class

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A service class that deals with issues of “find, move and get” SOP (Service Object Pair) Classes.
While “find” is used to query for images, “move” & “get” are used to commence a transfer

Query/Retrieve Service Class

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identifies specific DICOM capabilities of an equipment or medical device.

DICOM Conformance

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assists the exchange, management and integration of different medical data (including radiology), which supports patient care

Healthcare Standards

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3 Significant Standards important to a Radiologist are?

DICOM, HL7, and IHE

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What does IHE stand for?

Integrating the Health Enterprise

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Promotes the coordinated use of established standards such as DICOM and HL7 to address specific clinical needs in support of optimal patient care.
Systems developed in accordance with ___ communicate with one another better, are easier to implement and enable care providers to use information more effectively

IHE - Integrating the Health Entreprise

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Provides protocols for the exchange, management and integration of clinical and administrative electronic health data.
Formed in 1987, the accepted global standard for exchange, integration, sharing and retrieval of electronic health information in hospitals

Health Level Seven (HL7)

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HL7 Interoperability Goals

Improve Care Delivery
Optimize Workflow
Reduce Ambiguity
Enhance Knowledge Transfer

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Deal with Communication; Comprising Physical, Data Link, Network And Transport Communication Layers.

Layers 1-4 of HL7

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Deal with functions like Session, Presentation & Application.

Layers 5-7 of HL7

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is regarded as the Application Level, which deals with the definition of data to be exchanged.

Seventh Level of Highest Level of HL7

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It coordinates the use of established standards like DICOM and HL7 but answers issues that remain unresolved within the scope of DICOM and HL7

IHE

IHE accomplishes this by a four stage process

A. Interoperability Problem Identification
B. Integration Profile Specification
C. Implementation and Testing at Connectathon
D. Integration Profile Conformance Statements

used for flagging images of Radiologic Procedures

KEY IMAGE NOTES PROFILE

useful, for example in a CT Scan of the abdomen, where out of the nearly 200 slices, useful information may be available in only four images

key images

Other IHE Integration Profiles include

1. Scheduled Work Flow 2. Patient Information Integration Reconciliation 3. Post Processing Workflow, 4. Charge Posting 5. Simple Image And Numeric Reports 6. Presentation Of Grouped Procedures 7. Access To Radiology Information 8. Exception Management Work Flow 9. Basic Security 10. Integration Profile

a ubiquitous healthcare service that derives, processes, offers and distributes data in an electronic format

RADIOLOGY

Integral to current Radiology practice, wherein images are acquired, processed, post-processed and displayed, in black and white, gray scale, or colour, using binary numbers

DIGITAL IMAGING

smallest complete sample of an image; tonal code given in binary code

pixel

range from pure black at weakest intensity to pure white strongest

grasycale

indicates shades of gray used to define each pixel and measured as number of bits

bit depth

RGB/ CYMK

colour

ability to distinguish fine spatial detail and differentiate objects in an image

spatial resolution

amount of grayscale or color differentiation that exists in image

contrast resolution

‘Viewing Boxes ’ of a Modern Radiologist

WORKSTATION

very core of a Radiologist’s daily work and central to the business of manufacturing medical imaging equipment’s

WORKSTATION

considered as the single biggest challenge in radiological services

Image overload

Fundamental difference between Thin and Thick Clients is based on

location of the software applications.

exists when two or more computers are connected together, thereby allowing them to share data, equipment, and other digital electronic resources

NETWORK

Operative Level: enables viewing and transfer imaging data between consoles of modalities

Radiologist

Operative Level: significantly expedites workflow

Patients

Operative Level: empowers a healthcare enterprise

Health Care Provider

possible by means of a combination of network software and network hardware

‘Seamless’ Workflow

Networks may be classified on the basis of extent of its reach

Personal Area Network (PAN), Local Area Network (LAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), Wide Area Network (WAN) or Global Area Network (GAN)

cover a small geographic area, like a Radiology Department or hospital buildings; have a much higher data transfer rates in contrast to WAN, a smaller geographic range, and no dependency on leased telecommunication lines

LAN

A system for digital storage, transmission and retrieval of radiology images

PACS

Have both software and hardware components and directly interface with imaging modalities

PACS

software that is installed on the workstation to receive and display the radiology images

PACS viewer

Basic component of PACS System (7)

1. PACS Central Server 2. Database System 3. DICOM Server 4. Storage System 5. Interfaces to RIS/HIS 6. Web Server for Remote Access 7. PACS Workstation

PACS has multiple advantages over film-based

cost saving time saving access applications integration convergence data handling CAD advance analysis security and privacy

the practice of a Radiologist interpreting medical images while not physically present in the location where the images are generated

TELERADIOLOGY

TELERADIOLOGY FOCUSES ON:

a. Efficient transfer of image data b. Accurate representation of the graphic image at the remote site c. Optimal utilization of radiologist time d. Systems and processes leading to an overall increase in Radiologist productivity

TELERADIOLOGY TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURE

image acquisition image transfer image compression image review