Module 7: Theory and Planning Models Flashcards
1
Q
define theory
A
- interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of situations by specifying relations among variables in order to explain and predict the events of the situations
- process of developing ideas that can allow us to explain how and why events occur
2
Q
define model
A
- mixture of ideas or concepts taken from many theories and used together
3
Q
define concept
A
- primary elements of theories
- very general/broad
- things we assume people understand
4
Q
define construct
A
- concept that is developed, created, or adopted for use with a specific theory
- perceived susceptibility/seriousness in HBM
5
Q
define variable
A
- operational form of a construct
- how a construct will be measured
- quantitative measurement of a construct
6
Q
example of a construct and variable that are related
A
- construct: self-efficacy
- variable: self-efficacy in using treadmill for 30 minutes per day
7
Q
what are 4 ways that variables can be measured
A
- knowledge
- attitude
- self-efficacy
- intention
8
Q
why do we use theories
A
- explain behaviors and reasons why people are or aren’t engaging in them
- present strategies to change behaviors
- help planning, implementing, and evaluating programs
9
Q
are programs based on theories more or less likely to succeed
A
more likely
10
Q
what three major things do theories do
A
- describe a phenomena
- explain events
- predict the future
11
Q
define behavior change theories
A
- use by health education specialists
- provides processes for helping to explain behavior change
- each work better in certain situations than others
12
Q
how do you know which theory to use
A
- no bets theory
- some have been used with specific health topics repeatedly and shown success
- ask specific questions about your population, their behaviors, and what level of theory you wish to use
13
Q
what are the two major categories of theories
A
- planning models
- behavior change theories
14
Q
what does the socio-ecological model do
A
- recognizes importance of the larger social system on individual behavior
- helps educators figure out which level an intervention should be done at
15
Q
what are the levels of the socio-ecological model
A
- intrapersonal
- interpersonal
- organizational
- community
- policy
16
Q
what is included in the intrapersonal level of the socio-ecological model
A
- knowledge
- attitudes
- skills
- values
17
Q
what is included in the interpersonal level of the socio-ecological model
A
- family or friends
- anyone close to the individual
18
Q
what is included in the organizational level of the socio-ecological model
A
- regulations at institutions that affect behavior
- schools, sports leagues, work
19
Q
what is included in the community level of the socio-ecological model
A
- social networks and interactions
- social norms/culture
20
Q
what is included in the policy level of the socio-ecological model
A
- policies and regulations at local, state, and federal levels that impact health and behaviors
- federally required maternity leave (not in amercia)
21
Q
define intrapersonal level
A
focused on the individual
22
Q
what are the 5 expectancy value theory cognitions
A
- knowledge
- attitudes
- beliefs
- values
- perceptions
23
Q
define knowledge
A
- expectancy value theory cognition
- objectively verifiable truth
24
Q
define attitude
A
- expectancy value theory cognition
- collection of beliefs about particular object or action
25
define beliefs
- expectancy value theory cognition
- considered to be true based on information at hand
26
define values
- expectancy value theory cognition
- relative importance of something
27
define perception
- expectancy value theory cognition
- interpretation of information
28
what are 4 intrapersonal theories
- health belief model
- theory of planned behavior
- transtheoretical mode
- precaution adoption process model
29
what are the two categories of intrapersonal theories
- continuum theory
- stage theory
30
define continuum theories
- have identifiable variables that influence action and combine them in a prediction equation
- putting people on a line; no specific points
31
examples of intrapersonal continuum theories
- health belief model
- theory of planned behavior
32
define stage theories
- ordered set of categories into which people can be classified and identify factors that could induce movement from one stage to another
- stair steps
33
example of intrapersonal stage theories
- transtheoretical mode
- precaution adoption process model
34
what is the oldest and most widely used individual behavior theory
health belief model
35
when and why was the health belief model created
- 1950
- by group of psychologists to figure out why people weren't using health services for tuberculosis
36
what 3 factors contribute to health-related action according to the health belief model
- motivation or health concern
- perceived threat
- belief that following health behavior will be beneficial
37
what does perceived threat consist of in the health belief model
- perceived severity
- perceived susceptibility
- cues to action
- variables: demographic, sociopsychological, knowledge
38
what does likelihood of action consist of in the health belief model
- perceived benefits
- perceived barriers
39
what are the constructs of the health belief model
- perceived susceptibility
- perceived severity
- perceived benefits
- perceived barriers
- cues to action
- self-efficacy
40
define perceived susceptibility
- beliefs about the chances of getting a condition
- define what populations are at risk and their levels of risk
41
how can you increase perceived susceptibility
- tailor risk information based on individual's characteristics or behaviors
- help the individual develop an accurate perception of their own risk
42
define perceived severity
- beliefs about the seriousness of a condition and its consequences
43
how can you increase perceived severity
- specify the consequences of a condition and recommended action
44
define perceived benefits
- beliefs about the effectiveness/positive outcomes of taking action to reduce risk or seriousness
45
how can you increase perceived benefits
- explain how, where, and when to take action and what the potential positive results will be
46
define perceived barriers
- beliefs about the material and psychological costs of taking action
- level of challenge of social, personal, environmental, and economic obstacles
47
how can you decrease perceived barriers
- offer reassurance, incentives, and assistance
- correct misinformation
48
define cues to action
- factors that activate readiness for change
- contributes to perceived threat
49
how can you increase cues to action
- provide how to information, promote awareness, and employ reminder systems
50
define self-efficacy
- confidence in one's ability to take action
51
how can you increase self-efficacy
- provide training and guidance in performing action
- use progressive goal setting
- give verbal reinforcement
- demonstrate desired behaviors
52
what is the desired end result of the health belief model
- likelihood of behavior change
- taking action
53
how can a health educator use the health belief model
- increase perceived threat by increasing awareness
- decrease perceived barriers by making interventions low cost, accessible, and at a good time/location
- increase self-efficacy by giving people knowledge and skills
54
what are some limitations of the health belief model
- doesn't account for social, cultural, socioeconomic, and past experiences
- assumes equal access for everyone
- not useful for long-term behavior change
55
applications of the health belief model
- behavioral research: AIDS, sexual behavior, smoking
- primary and secondary prevention: bike helmet use, condom use, vaccination
56
what is one of the most enduring and popular theories in psychology
theory of planned behavior
57
what does the theory of planned behavior do
Explains how attitudes towards behavior, subjective norms associated with behavior, and perceived behavioral control affect behavioral intention
58
what did the theory of planned behavior evolve from
- theory of reasoned action
- added behavioral control
59
what are the constructs of the theory of planned behavior
- behavioral intention
- attitudes toward behavior
- subjective norms
- perceived behavioral control
- actual behavioral control
60
define behavioral intention
- leads to behavior
- based on attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control
61
define attitudes toward behavior
- does the person want to engage in the behavior
- includes behavioral beliefs and evaluations of behavioral outcomes
62
define subjective norms
- beliefs about whether most people approve or disapprove of the behavior
- includes normative beliefs and motivation to comply
63
define perceived behavioral control
- how much a person feels like they are in command of enacting the given behavior
- includes control beliefs and perceived power
64
define actual behavioral control
- do people actually have all the resources needed for behavior change
65
what are some limitations of the theory of planned behavior
- doesn't explain behavior change; only explain what influences behavior
- assumes behavior is output of rational linear decision-making processes
- perceived behavioral control is very unclear
- does not consider personality-related factors, cultural factors, or demographic variables
- time between intent and action in not explicit
66
applications of the theory of planned behavior
- condom use
- alcohol use
- sunscreen use
- organ donation
- smoking cessation
67
what are the constructs of the transtheoretical model
- stages of change
- processes of change
- decisional balance
- self-efficacy
- levels of change
68
what are the transtheoretical stages of change
- precontemplation: no intention to take action within 6 months
- contemplation: intention to take action within 6 months
- preparation: actively preparing for change
- action: changes made in the last 6 months
- maintenance: changed behavior for at least 6 months
- termination: changed, no temptation to return to old behavior
- relapse: occasionally included, engaged in behavior and return to any stage to begin the process again
69
what is the process of change in the transtheoretical model
- steps of how we get to move people through stages
70
what are the steps in the process of change in the transtheoretical model
- consciousness raising
- dramatic relief
- environmental reevaluation
- self-reevaluation
- self-liberation
- counterconditioning
- reinforcement management
- stimulus control
- helping relationships
- social liberation
71
applications of the transtheoretical model
- behavioral research: bike helmet use
- primary and secondary prevention: STI prevention, physical activity promotion
72
limitations of the transtheoretical model
- some researchers argue that the stages are arbitrary and classifying individuals has little utility
73
what does the precaution adoption process model do
- explains how a person comes to the point of making a decision to take action and how the decision is translated into action
- generally used with new behaviors or new technology: decisions about getting covid vaccine
74
does the precaution adoption process model focus more on long term or short term behaviros
long term
75
what are the 7 stages of the precaution adoption process model
1. unaware of issue
2. unengaged by issue
3. undecided about acting
4. decided not to act
5. decided to act
6. acting
7. maintenance
76
how can someone move from stage 1 to 2 of the precaution adoption process model
- unaware of issue to unengaged by issue
- media messages to make someone aware
77
how can someone move from stage 2 to 3 of the precaution adoption process model
- unengaged by issue to undecided about acting
- media messages, communication from loved one, personal experience with hazard
78
how can someone move from stage 3 to 4 or 5 of the precaution adoption process model
- undecided about acting to decided not to act or decided to act
- beliefs about hazard likelihood, severity, susceptibility, social norms, personal fear and worry
- which stage they move to depends on whether they actually want to act which is dependent on many factors
79
how can someone move from stage 5 to 6 of the precaution adoption process model
- decided to act to acting
- given time and resources needed to cat, detailed how to information, reminders and cues to action, assistance in carrying out action
80
limitations of the precaution adoption process model
- not applicable for actions that require gradual development of habitual patterns of behavior; diet and exercise
81
define interpersonal level
- individuals exist within and are influenced by a social environment
- opinions, thoughts, behavior, and support of people around an individual influence their feelings and behaviors
82
what things do interpersonal level theories help explain
- social norms
- social learning
- social power
- social integration
- social networks
- social support
- social capital
- interpersonal communication
83
when was the social cognitive theory created
- 1950s
- started as social learning theory
84
what experiment used the early social cognitive theory
- bobo doll experiment
- observational learning
85
describe the social cognitive theory
- social environment, personal characteristics, and behavior influence each other
- reinforcement contributes to learning
86
what are the constructs of the social cognitive theory
- behavioral capability
- expectations
- expectancies
- locus of control
- reciprocal determinism
- observational learning
- self-control
- self-efficacy
- collective efficacy
- emotional-coping response
- environment
87
define behavioral capability in the social cognitive theory
- knowing what to do and how to do it
- skills portion fo self-efficacy
88
define expectations in the social cognitive theory
- results an individual anticipates from taking action
- what you hope to happen
89
define expectancies in the social cognitive theory
- assigning a value to the outcome of behavior change
- do you think what actually happened was good or bad
90
define locus of control in the social cognitive theory
- who is in charge of the control of your life
- internal: you're in charge, more likely to make behavior change
- external: you're not in charge, less likely to make behavior change
91
define reciprocal determinism in the social cognitive theory
- interaction among personal characteristics, behavior, and environment
92
applications of the social cognitive theory
- medication adherence
- predicting exercise participation
- predicting sexually risky behaviors
- predicting condom use
- healthy relationships
93
describe the social network theory
- explains the web of social relationships that surround people; social network
- relationships between individuals and how those relationships influence beliefs and behavior
94
when was the social network theory created
- 1950s
- used by norwegian sociologists
95
what things should you consider when assessing a social network
- centrality vs marginality
- reciprocity of relationships
- complexity or intensity of relationships
- homogeneity of diversity in network
- subgroups, cliques, linkages
- communication patterns
96
desribe centrality vs marginality
- how involved a person is in your life
- central: very involved
- marginal: less involved
97
how does a health educator use the social network theory
- develop new social network linkages and training in social skills
- enhance networks through natural leaders and community capacity building
98
what are the limitations of the social network theory
- does not fully explain health behavior
- labor intensive theory requiring extensive data collection
- viewed as less of a theory and more of a concept
99
what is included in community level theories
- organizational: rules, regulations, and policies of an organization
- community: social norms
- policy: legislation at local, state, federal, and national levels
100
what is an example of a community level theory
- diffusion of innovation theory
101
when was the diffusion of innovation theory created
- 1962
102
describe the diffusion of innovation theory
- process by which innovation is communicated to social system
- process of moving new ideas into action
103
describe the 3 concepts in the diffusion of innovation theory
- communication channels: means of transmitting new idea
- social system: group of individuals who together adopt the innovation
- time: how long it takes to adopt the innovation
104
describe the stages of the diffusion of innovation theory
- innovation development
- dissemination: communicating innovation
- adoption: uptake of innovation by target population
- implementation: regular use of innovation
- maintenance: sustainability; keep adoption of behavior
105
what are the levels of consumers in the diffusion of innovation theory
- innovators
- early adopters
- early majority
- late majority
- laggards
106
describe the innovator level of consumer in the diffusion of innovation theory
- first to adopt
- venturesome, independent, risky, daring
- 2.5%
107
describe the early adopters level of consumer in the diffusion of innovation theory
- opinion leaders
- interested in innovation but do not want to be the first
- respected by others in the social system
- 13.5%
108
describe the early majority level of consumer in the diffusion of innovation theory
- interested in innovation but need external motivation
- adopt just before average
- not first but not last
- 34%
109
describe the late majority level of consumer in the diffusion of innovation theory
- skeptical about innovation
- adopt after average member of society
- adoption is an economic necessity
- 34%
110
describe the laggards level of consumer in the diffusion of innovation theory
- last ones
- traditional, suspicious of new innovations
- must be certain they won't fail before adoption
- 16%
111
what characteristics of innovation affect diffusion
- relative advantage
- compatibility
- complexity
- trialability
- observability
112
define relative advantage
- is the innovation better than what was there before
113
define compatibility
- does the innovation fit with the intended audience
114
define complexity
- is the innovation easy to use
115
define trialability
- can the innovation be tried before making a decision to adopt
116
define observability
- are the results of the innovation visible and easily measurable
117
define planning models
- framework used to help plan interventions or programs
118
is there one perfect planning model for all aspects of health
no
119
what is the best known and most often used model
- precede-proceed
120
what does PRECEDE stand for
- predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling constructs in education and environmental development
121
what does PROCEED stand for
- policy, regulatory, and organizational, constructs in education and environmental development
122
what is the general thing that the precede section does and the proceed section
- precede: planning
- proceed: evaluation
123
how many phase of the precede-proceed model are there and in what way does it flow
- 8 total phases
- works backwards starting at the end result (quality of life)
124
what is the logical sequence that the precede-proceed model follows
- identifies factors related to the issue
- determines what is causing the issue
- designs an intervention to address the desired outcome
- evaluates the outcomes from the intervention
125
which stages are in the precede section of the precede-proceed model
stages 1 to 4
126
which stages of the precede proceed model identify goals of intervention
stages 1 and 2
127
describe stage 1 of the precede-proceed model
- social assessment
- quality of life indicators
- finding out what is important to the community or the target population
- interviews, surveys, and focus groups are used to collect data; primary data collection
128
describe stage 2 of the precede-proceed model
- epidemiological assessment
- gathering data; secondary data collection
- includes behavioral, genetic, and environmental factors that contribute to health outcomes
129
describe stage 3 of the precede-proceed model
- educational and ecological assessment
- includes predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors
130
define predisposing factors
- things someone already has that make them more or less likely to adopt healthy or risky behaviors
- includes knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, values, and confidence (self-efficacy
131
define reinforcing factors
- rewards or encouraging feedback from others that supports or makes difficult adopting behaviors
- accessibility and availability of resources
- government laws and policies
- family, friends, peers, teachers, etc
132
define enabling factors
- specific things that help or inhibit someone form adopting a behavior
- usually tangible
- resources and skills needed for behavior change to occur
133
describe stage 4 of the precede-proceed model
- administrative, health program, policy development and assessment
- includes intervention, implementation, and evaluation strategies
134
which stages are in the proceed section of the precede-proceed model
stages 5 to 8
135
describe stage 5 of the precede-proceed model
- implementation
- process evaluation: checking off things that are supposed to happen during the program
- attendance, materials, quality
136
describe stage 6 of the precede-proceed model
- impact evaluations
- short term
- changes in predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors as well as behavioral and environmental factors
- did somebodies behavior change from the intervention
137
describe stage 7 of the precede-proceed model
- intermediate evaluations
138
describe stage 8 of the precede-proceed model
- outcomes evaluation
- long term: after many years
- change in quality of life indicators; happiness and motivation
