Module 1: A Background for the Profession Flashcards
1
Q
what is health
A
- broad and multidimensional
- can be defined in many ways
- holistic concept; interactions among various components
- results from interactions with environment
2
Q
WHO definition of health
A
complete physical, mental, and social well-being; not just the absence of disease
3
Q
what is a community
A
a group of people with common characteristics such as location, race, age, job, interests, etc
4
Q
characteristics of a community
A
- membership
- common language
- shared values
- mutual influence
- shared needs and commitment
- shared emotional connection (history, experiences)
5
Q
define community health
A
health status of a defined group of people and the actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health
6
Q
define population health
A
health outcomes of a group of people and the distribution of outcomes within the population
7
Q
define global health
A
health problems transcending national borders and the cooperative actions and solutions made across different nations
8
Q
define public health
A
collective societal efforts to assure healthy conditions
9
Q
what is the largest public health association in America
A
American Public Health Association
10
Q
health education
A
- giving people the skills to be healthy through planned learning experiences based on evidence based resources and sound theories
- included in health promotion
11
Q
health promotion
A
- umbrella term
- combination of educational, political, environmental, regulatory, or organizational mechanisms
- supportive actions for the health of individuals, groups, and communities
12
Q
why do we need health education and health promotion
A
people are not good at changing behaviors on their own and accessing important information regarding their health
13
Q
what is a health education specialist and what level of education do they need
A
- uses strategies to facilitate development of policies, interventions, and/or programs that improve health in a variety of settings
- bachelors degree
14
Q
steps to develop a health education/promotion program
A
- assess needs of priority population
- set goals and objectives
- develop intervention that considers the problems and the people
- implement intervention
- evaluate results
15
Q
what was the focus of public health before 1950s
A
infectious diseases
16
Q
what was the focus of public health after the 1950s
A
chronic diseases and diseases related to lifestyle
17
Q
when did infectious disease become less prevalent that chronic diseases
A
1920s
18
Q
when was it recognized that health promotion can reduce morbidity, save lives, and reduce health care costs
A
mid 1970s
19
Q
when was the healthy people program started
A
1980
20
Q
what is the purpose of the healthy people program
A
- provide measurable objectives
- guide the nations health policies and efforts
21
Q
what are the four primary modifiable health risk behaviors
A
- lack of physical activity
- poor nutrition
- tobacco use
- excessive alcohol consumption
22
Q
what is health status and what’s included in it
A
- a measure of health
- includes medical care, genetics, social circumstances, environmental conditions, and behavioral choices
23
Q
define social determinants of health
A
conditions in the places where people live, learn, work, and play that affect a wide range of health and quality of life outcomes
24
Q
define epidemiology
A
the study of distribution and determinants of health-related states or events is specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems; aka population medicine
25
define epidemiology study
using quantitative data and scientific study designs to examine relationship between exposure and disease
26
define epidemiology distribution
patterns and frequency of disease in a population
27
define epidemiology determinants
risk factors, contributing agents, exposure, cause of disease
28
define epidemiology health-related states or events
chronic illness, environmental health issues, occupational conditions, genetic conditions, infectiousness diseases, injuries
29
define epidemic and give examples
- unexpectedly large numbers of cases of an illness, health-related behavior/event in particular population
- H1N1 flu in 2009, opioid overdose in US
30
define endemic and give examples
- disease that occurs regularly in a population
- seasonal flu, heart disease in US
31
define pandemic and give an example
- outbreak of disease over a wide geographical area
- covid 19
32
define epidemiology cases
- people afflicted with disease
- number of deaths
33
define epidemiology rate
- number of events that occur as a proportion of a population in a given period of time
- considers the population at risk
34
which is used more often: rate or case number
rate
35
is rate or case number better for context and information
rate
36
what is natality (birth) rate
number of live births per population
37
what is morbidity rate
number of people who are sick per population at risk
38
what is mortality (fatality) rate
number of deaths per population
39
define crude rate
rate expressed for total population
40
define adjusted rate
expressed for total population but adjusted for a certain characteristics (often age)
41
define specific rate
- rate for particular population subgroup
- disease specific: death rate for heart disease in the US
- age specific: death rate for 45 to 50 year old people
42
define incidence rate
number of new cases per population
42
for what type of disease is incidence rate most important for
acute disease
43
define prevalence rate
number of total cases per population
43
for what type of disease is prevalence rate most important for and why
- chronic disease
- better to know how many people are currently suffering
- difficult to determine the exact onset of chronic disease
43
define life expectancy
average years of life expected for a person to live
43
what is the most comprehensive indicator of patterns of health and disease according to the CDC
life expectancy
44
define years of potential life lost
- premature mortality
- life expectancy (usually 75) minus actual death age
- mostly from cancer, accidents, and heart disease
45
define disability adjusted life years
- difference in life expectancy for people with disability
- express the burden of living with a disability
46
define health adjusted life expectancy
- number of years of healthy life expected on average
- accounts for life expectancy and disability
47
define health-related quality of life
- aspects of health that affect quality of life
- used often with chronic diseases
48
explain the behavioral risk factor surveillance system (BRFSS)
a telephone survey using randomly selected adults that gives information relating to risk factors, preventative health practices, and access to preventative services and health insurance
49
what are the youth risk behavior surveillance survey (YRBSS) categories
1. tobacco use
2. unhealthy dietary behaviors
3. inadequate physical activity
4. alcohol or other drug use
5. sexual behaviors related to unintended pregnancy and STIs
6. behaviors contributing to unintentional injury and violence
50
which survey is not conducted by a government agency and gathers health data about college students
national college heath assessment (NCHA)
51
what is a telephone survey gathering data on health and health behaviors
national health interview survey
52
which survey requires direct physical examinations and clinical/laboratory testing
national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES)
53
which survey is composed of six surveys designed to answer key question about health care providers
national health care surveys (NHCS)
54
why is epidemiology important to health educators
- data is used to assess and assist priority populations in improving health through health education programs
- data provides a baseline and shows improvements
55
define health disparity
- difference in health care between two population due to lack of access to care and lack of quality care (health inequities)
56
why do health disparities exist
- social determinants of health; things around us influencing health
57
define health equity
when every person has the opportunity to attain their full health potential; no one is disadvantaged
58
how to achieve health equity
giving different groups the amount of resources they need to get everyone to the same level of good health
59
define health field concept
consists of the things that our health is made of; more broad and encompassing than the health care system
60
components of health field concept
- human biology
- environment
- lifestyle
- healthcare organization
61
components of the social determinants of health
- economic stability
- neighborhood and physical environment
- education
- food
- community and social context
- health care system
62
explain the socioecological model of health education and promotion
- says that there are multiple layers of influence to health behaviors and health outcomes
- specific to broad: individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, public policy
63
define cultural competency
- working within cultural context of an individual or community
- understanding the culture of others
- controlling biases
64
what is the goal of cultural competency
to reach cultural humility
65
levels of cultural competancy
1. awareness of different cultures
2. knowledge of different cultures
3. sensitivity to how peoples cultures impact their behaviors
4. humility by realizing your thoughts aren't universal
66
define cultural humility
- being aware of cultural difference and respecting them
- no need to memorize everything about other cultures
- understanding your own biases
- is a lifelong process
67
define advocacy
speaking up for yourself and others to bring social or organizational change
68
why is advocacy helpful
it can help get funds for research and interventions, help pass policies, and educates others
69
what are the levels of prevention
1. primary
2. secondary
3. tertiary
70
define primary prevention and give examples
- occurs before getting a disease
- vitamins, vaccines, sunscreen, handwashing
71
define secondary prevention and give examples
- includes early diagnosis and prompt treatment to increase treatment success
- regular doctors visits, screenings
72
define tertiary prevention and give examples
- rehabilitate, retrain, and reeducate after a late diagnosis
- physical therapy, wound care, rehab, insulin injection
73
limitations of prevention
- biological: life span, bodies eventually wear out
- technological: cannot eradicate all diseases
- ethical: behaviors due to beliefs
- economic: funding
74
what percent of dollars spent on health goes towards prevention
5%
75
top 3 leading causes of death for all ages
1. heart disease
2. cancer
3. covid-19
76
top 3 leading causes of death for 15-19 year olds
1. accidents
2. homicide
3. suicide
77
define risk factors
anything that increases likelihoods of getting a disease or illness
78
explain the two categories of risk factors
- modifiable: things we can change
- nonmodifiable: things we can't change
79
examples of modifiable risk factors
- tobacco, alcohol, drug use
- seat belt use
- physical activity
- hours of sleep
80
examples of nonmodifiable risk factors
- environmental pollutants
- family history
- abnormal screening test results
- serious loss or misfortune
81
what percent of early deaths in the US are caused by behavior patterns that can be changed
40%
82
9 leading preventable causes of death
1. tobacco use (lung/heart disease)
2. diet and activity
3. alcohol
4. microbial agents
5. toxic agents
6. sexual behaviors
7. firearms
8. motor vehicles
9. drug use
83
define communicable disease
disease transmitted from on person to another; infectious
84
examples of communicable disease transmission
- skin to skin (contact)
- fecal oral
- respiratory
- sexually transmitted
85
causative agents of communicable agents
- biological: viruses, bacteria, fungi
- chemical: pesticides, air pollutants, cigarette smoke
- physical: heat, light, radiation
86
communicable disease model
interaction of host (susceptible organism), environment (factors promoting disease), and agent (causes disease)
87
define noncommunicable disease
diseases that can't be transmitted
88
contributing factors of noncommunicable disease
- genetic
- environmental
- behavioral
89
multicausational disease model
- human host at center with genetics
- individuals behaviors, beliefs, and personality
- environmental influences (health care system, environment, infection outbreaks, economics)
90
examples of noncommunicable diseases
- coronary heart disease
- stroke
- cancer
- COPD
- diabetes
91
define acute disease
occurs quickly (less than 3 months) and usually treatable
92
examples of communicable acute disease
- cold
- pneumonia
- mumps
- measles
- pertussis
- typhoid fever
- cholera
93
examples of noncommunicable acute disease
- appendicitis
- poisoning
- injury
94
define chronic disease
occurs slowly and lasts for a long time (over 3 months
95
examples of communicable chronic disease
- AIDS
- lyme disease
- TB
- syphilis
- rheumatic fever following strep infections
- hepatitis B
96
examples of noncommunicable chronic disease
- diabetes
- coronary heart disease
- osteoarthritis
- cirrhosis of the liver due to alcoholism
97
chain of infection
1. infectious agent
2. reservoir
3. portal of exit
4. transmission
5. portal of entry
6. establishment in new host
98
ways to break the chain of infection
- control/eliminate source: antibiotics
- protect portal of entry: mask
- increase host defense: vaccines
- prevent pathogen from encountering host: herd immunity
