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HLTH 210 > Module 1: A Background for the Profession > Flashcards

Module 1: A Background for the Profession Flashcards

1
Q

what is health

A
  • broad and multidimensional
  • can be defined in many ways
  • holistic concept; interactions among various components
  • results from interactions with environment
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2
Q

WHO definition of health

A

complete physical, mental, and social well-being; not just the absence of disease

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3
Q

what is a community

A

a group of people with common characteristics such as location, race, age, job, interests, etc

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4
Q

characteristics of a community

A
  • membership
  • common language
  • shared values
  • mutual influence
  • shared needs and commitment
  • shared emotional connection (history, experiences)
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5
Q

define community health

A

health status of a defined group of people and the actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health

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6
Q

define population health

A

health outcomes of a group of people and the distribution of outcomes within the population

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7
Q

define global health

A

health problems transcending national borders and the cooperative actions and solutions made across different nations

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8
Q

define public health

A

collective societal efforts to assure healthy conditions

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9
Q

what is the largest public health association in America

A

American Public Health Association

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10
Q

health education

A
  • giving people the skills to be healthy through planned learning experiences based on evidence based resources and sound theories
  • included in health promotion
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11
Q

health promotion

A
  • umbrella term
  • combination of educational, political, environmental, regulatory, or organizational mechanisms
  • supportive actions for the health of individuals, groups, and communities
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12
Q

why do we need health education and health promotion

A

people are not good at changing behaviors on their own and accessing important information regarding their health

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13
Q

what is a health education specialist and what level of education do they need

A
  • uses strategies to facilitate development of policies, interventions, and/or programs that improve health in a variety of settings
  • bachelors degree
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14
Q

steps to develop a health education/promotion program

A
  1. assess needs of priority population
  2. set goals and objectives
  3. develop intervention that considers the problems and the people
  4. implement intervention
  5. evaluate results
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15
Q

what was the focus of public health before 1950s

A

infectious diseases

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16
Q

what was the focus of public health after the 1950s

A

chronic diseases and diseases related to lifestyle

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17
Q

when did infectious disease become less prevalent that chronic diseases

A

1920s

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18
Q

when was it recognized that health promotion can reduce morbidity, save lives, and reduce health care costs

A

mid 1970s

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19
Q

when was the healthy people program started

A

1980

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20
Q

what is the purpose of the healthy people program

A
  • provide measurable objectives
  • guide the nations health policies and efforts
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21
Q

what are the four primary modifiable health risk behaviors

A
  • lack of physical activity
  • poor nutrition
  • tobacco use
  • excessive alcohol consumption
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22
Q

what is health status and what’s included in it

A
  • a measure of health
  • includes medical care, genetics, social circumstances, environmental conditions, and behavioral choices
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23
Q

define social determinants of health

A

conditions in the places where people live, learn, work, and play that affect a wide range of health and quality of life outcomes

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24
Q

define epidemiology

A

the study of distribution and determinants of health-related states or events is specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems; aka population medicine

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25
Q

define epidemiology study

A

using quantitative data and scientific study designs to examine relationship between exposure and disease

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26
Q

define epidemiology distribution

A

patterns and frequency of disease in a population

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27
Q

define epidemiology determinants

A

risk factors, contributing agents, exposure, cause of disease

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28
Q

define epidemiology health-related states or events

A

chronic illness, environmental health issues, occupational conditions, genetic conditions, infectiousness diseases, injuries

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29
Q

define epidemic and give examples

A
  • unexpectedly large numbers of cases of an illness, health-related behavior/event in particular population
  • H1N1 flu in 2009, opioid overdose in US
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30
Q

define endemic and give examples

A
  • disease that occurs regularly in a population
  • seasonal flu, heart disease in US
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31
Q

define pandemic and give an example

A
  • outbreak of disease over a wide geographical area
  • covid 19
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32
Q

define epidemiology cases

A
  • people afflicted with disease
  • number of deaths
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33
Q

define epidemiology rate

A
  • number of events that occur as a proportion of a population in a given period of time
  • considers the population at risk
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34
Q

which is used more often: rate or case number

A

rate

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35
Q

is rate or case number better for context and information

A

rate

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36
Q

what is natality (birth) rate

A

number of live births per population

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37
Q

what is morbidity rate

A

number of people who are sick per population at risk

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38
Q

what is mortality (fatality) rate

A

number of deaths per population

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39
Q

define crude rate

A

rate expressed for total population

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40
Q

define adjusted rate

A

expressed for total population but adjusted for a certain characteristics (often age)

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41
Q

define specific rate

A
  • rate for particular population subgroup
  • disease specific: death rate for heart disease in the US
  • age specific: death rate for 45 to 50 year old people
42
Q

define incidence rate

A

number of new cases per population

42
Q

for what type of disease is incidence rate most important for

A

acute disease

43
Q

define prevalence rate

A

number of total cases per population

43
Q

for what type of disease is prevalence rate most important for and why

A
  • chronic disease
  • better to know how many people are currently suffering
  • difficult to determine the exact onset of chronic disease
43
Q

define life expectancy

A

average years of life expected for a person to live

43
Q

what is the most comprehensive indicator of patterns of health and disease according to the CDC

A

life expectancy

44
Q

define years of potential life lost

A
  • premature mortality
  • life expectancy (usually 75) minus actual death age
  • mostly from cancer, accidents, and heart disease
45
Q

define disability adjusted life years

A
  • difference in life expectancy for people with disability
  • express the burden of living with a disability
46
Q

define health adjusted life expectancy

A
  • number of years of healthy life expected on average
  • accounts for life expectancy and disability
47
Q

define health-related quality of life

A
  • aspects of health that affect quality of life
  • used often with chronic diseases
48
Q

explain the behavioral risk factor surveillance system (BRFSS)

A

a telephone survey using randomly selected adults that gives information relating to risk factors, preventative health practices, and access to preventative services and health insurance

49
Q

what are the youth risk behavior surveillance survey (YRBSS) categories

A
  1. tobacco use
  2. unhealthy dietary behaviors
  3. inadequate physical activity
  4. alcohol or other drug use
  5. sexual behaviors related to unintended pregnancy and STIs
  6. behaviors contributing to unintentional injury and violence
50
Q

which survey is not conducted by a government agency and gathers health data about college students

A

national college heath assessment (NCHA)

51
Q

what is a telephone survey gathering data on health and health behaviors

A

national health interview survey

52
Q

which survey requires direct physical examinations and clinical/laboratory testing

A

national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES)

53
Q

which survey is composed of six surveys designed to answer key question about health care providers

A

national health care surveys (NHCS)

54
Q

why is epidemiology important to health educators

A
  • data is used to assess and assist priority populations in improving health through health education programs
  • data provides a baseline and shows improvements
55
Q

define health disparity

A
  • difference in health care between two population due to lack of access to care and lack of quality care (health inequities)
56
Q

why do health disparities exist

A
  • social determinants of health; things around us influencing health
57
Q

define health equity

A

when every person has the opportunity to attain their full health potential; no one is disadvantaged

58
Q

how to achieve health equity

A

giving different groups the amount of resources they need to get everyone to the same level of good health

59
Q

define health field concept

A

consists of the things that our health is made of; more broad and encompassing than the health care system

60
Q

components of health field concept

A
  • human biology
  • environment
  • lifestyle
  • healthcare organization
61
Q

components of the social determinants of health

A
  • economic stability
  • neighborhood and physical environment
  • education
  • food
  • community and social context
  • health care system
62
Q

explain the socioecological model of health education and promotion

A
  • says that there are multiple layers of influence to health behaviors and health outcomes
  • specific to broad: individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, public policy
63
Q

define cultural competency

A
  • working within cultural context of an individual or community
  • understanding the culture of others
  • controlling biases
64
Q

what is the goal of cultural competency

A

to reach cultural humility

65
Q

levels of cultural competancy

A
  1. awareness of different cultures
  2. knowledge of different cultures
  3. sensitivity to how peoples cultures impact their behaviors
  4. humility by realizing your thoughts aren’t universal
66
Q

define cultural humility

A
  • being aware of cultural difference and respecting them
  • no need to memorize everything about other cultures
  • understanding your own biases
  • is a lifelong process
67
Q

define advocacy

A

speaking up for yourself and others to bring social or organizational change

68
Q

why is advocacy helpful

A

it can help get funds for research and interventions, help pass policies, and educates others

69
Q

what are the levels of prevention

A
  1. primary
  2. secondary
  3. tertiary
70
Q

define primary prevention and give examples

A
  • occurs before getting a disease
  • vitamins, vaccines, sunscreen, handwashing
71
Q

define secondary prevention and give examples

A
  • includes early diagnosis and prompt treatment to increase treatment success
  • regular doctors visits, screenings
72
Q

define tertiary prevention and give examples

A
  • rehabilitate, retrain, and reeducate after a late diagnosis
  • physical therapy, wound care, rehab, insulin injection
73
Q

limitations of prevention

A
  • biological: life span, bodies eventually wear out
  • technological: cannot eradicate all diseases
  • ethical: behaviors due to beliefs
  • economic: funding
74
Q

what percent of dollars spent on health goes towards prevention

A

5%

75
Q

top 3 leading causes of death for all ages

A
  1. heart disease
  2. cancer
  3. covid-19
76
Q

top 3 leading causes of death for 15-19 year olds

A
  1. accidents
  2. homicide
  3. suicide
77
Q

define risk factors

A

anything that increases likelihoods of getting a disease or illness

78
Q

explain the two categories of risk factors

A
  • modifiable: things we can change
  • nonmodifiable: things we can’t change
79
Q

examples of modifiable risk factors

A
  • tobacco, alcohol, drug use
  • seat belt use
  • physical activity
  • hours of sleep
80
Q

examples of nonmodifiable risk factors

A
  • environmental pollutants
  • family history
  • abnormal screening test results
  • serious loss or misfortune
81
Q

what percent of early deaths in the US are caused by behavior patterns that can be changed

A

40%

82
Q

9 leading preventable causes of death

A
  1. tobacco use (lung/heart disease)
  2. diet and activity
  3. alcohol
  4. microbial agents
  5. toxic agents
  6. sexual behaviors
  7. firearms
  8. motor vehicles
  9. drug use
83
Q

define communicable disease

A

disease transmitted from on person to another; infectious

84
Q

examples of communicable disease transmission

A
  • skin to skin (contact)
  • fecal oral
  • respiratory
  • sexually transmitted
85
Q

causative agents of communicable agents

A
  • biological: viruses, bacteria, fungi
  • chemical: pesticides, air pollutants, cigarette smoke
  • physical: heat, light, radiation
86
Q

communicable disease model

A

interaction of host (susceptible organism), environment (factors promoting disease), and agent (causes disease)

87
Q

define noncommunicable disease

A

diseases that can’t be transmitted

88
Q

contributing factors of noncommunicable disease

A
  • genetic
  • environmental
  • behavioral
89
Q

multicausational disease model

A
  • human host at center with genetics
  • individuals behaviors, beliefs, and personality
  • environmental influences (health care system, environment, infection outbreaks, economics)
90
Q

examples of noncommunicable diseases

A
  • coronary heart disease
  • stroke
  • cancer
  • COPD
  • diabetes
91
Q

define acute disease

A

occurs quickly (less than 3 months) and usually treatable

92
Q

examples of communicable acute disease

A
  • cold
  • pneumonia
  • mumps
  • measles
  • pertussis
  • typhoid fever
  • cholera
93
Q

examples of noncommunicable acute disease

A
  • appendicitis
  • poisoning
  • injury
94
Q

define chronic disease

A

occurs slowly and lasts for a long time (over 3 months

95
Q

examples of communicable chronic disease

A
  • AIDS
  • lyme disease
  • TB
  • syphilis
  • rheumatic fever following strep infections
  • hepatitis B
96
Q

examples of noncommunicable chronic disease

A
  • diabetes
  • coronary heart disease
  • osteoarthritis
  • cirrhosis of the liver due to alcoholism
97
Q

chain of infection

A
  1. infectious agent
  2. reservoir
  3. portal of exit
  4. transmission
  5. portal of entry
  6. establishment in new host
98
Q

ways to break the chain of infection

A
  • control/eliminate source: antibiotics
  • protect portal of entry: mask
  • increase host defense: vaccines
  • prevent pathogen from encountering host: herd immunity

HLTH 210 (10 decks)

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