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KIN 424 - Medical Aspects of Sport > Module 7 - Anti-Doping and RED-S > Flashcards

Module 7 - Anti-Doping and RED-S Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 Risk Levels of RED-S?

A
  • High Risk: Red Light
  • Moderate Risk: Yellow Light
  • Low Risk: Green Light
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2
Q

What does RED-S mean?

A
  • Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport
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3
Q

Describe the Red Light Risk Level of RED-S

A
  • High Risk
  • No clearance for sport participation
  • Sport participation may pose serious risk to health
  • Sport participation may distract attention from treatment and recovery
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4
Q

Describe the Yellow Light Risk Level of RED-S

A
  • Moderate Risk
  • Cleared for super-vised sport participation
  • 1-3 month duration
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5
Q

Describe the Green Light Risk Level of RED-S

A
  • Low Risk
  • Full Sport Participation
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6
Q

What is the Definition of RED-S?

A
  • Impaired physiological functioning
  • Caused by relative energy deficiency
  • Includes impairments to: metabolic rate; menstrual function; bone health; immunity; protein synthesis; and cardiovascular health
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7
Q

What was RED-S previously called?

A
  • Female Athlete Triad
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8
Q

What is the equation for Energy Availability?

A

Energy Availability = Energy Intake(kcal) - Exercise Energy Expenditure (kcal) / Fat Free Mass (kg)
EA = EI - EEE / FFM

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9
Q

What is exercise energy expenditure (EEE)?

A

EEE = the additional energy expended above that of daily living during the exercise bout

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10
Q

What is the healthy physiological function in women?

A

45 kcal/kg FFM/day

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11
Q

What is low energy availability?

A

<30 kcal/kg FFM/day

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12
Q

What does low energy availability mean?

A
  • Many systems are perturbed
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13
Q

What are some of the health consequences of RED-S?

A
  • Immunological
  • Menstrual Function
  • Bone Health
  • Endocrine
  • Metabolic
  • Hermatological
  • Growth + Development
  • Psychological (goes both ways)
  • Cardiovascular
  • Gastrointestinal
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14
Q

What are some performance consequences of RED-S?

A

Decrease
- Endurance Performance
- Training Response
- Judgement
- Coordination
- Concentration
- Glycogen Stores
- Muscle Strength
Increase
- Injury Risk
- Irritability
- Depression

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15
Q

What are some strategies for prevention of RED-S?

A
  • Awareness, Education
  • Screening at-risk athletes is difficult
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16
Q

Why is it difficult to screen at-risk athletes?

A

A gap in our understanding of RED-S (specific sport)
- energy demands
- Performance criteria
- Ethnicities
- Cultural perspectives

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17
Q

What does RED-S Present?

A
  • Disordered Eating (De)/Eating Disorders (eD)
  • Weight Loss
  • Lack of normal growth and development
  • Endocrine Dysfunction
  • Recurrent Injuries and Illnesses
  • Decreased Performance/Performance Variability
  • Mood Changes
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18
Q

Describe the IOC Assessment Tool of the High-Risk Level of RED-S

A
  • Anorexia Nervosa (other eating disorders)
  • Serious medical conditions: related to low energy
  • Extreme weight loss techniques
  • Severe ECG abnormalities (ie. bradycardia)
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19
Q

Describe the Assessment Tool of the Moderate Risk Level of the RED-S

A
  • prolonged abnormal low % body fat
  • Substantial weight loss
  • Reduced Expected Growth and Development
  • Abnormal Menstrual Cycle
  • No menarche by age 15y in females
  • Reduced bone mineral density
  • History of 1 or more stress fractures
  • Physical/psychological complication related to low EA
  • Diagnostic test abnormalities
  • Prolonged relative energy deficiency
  • Disordered eating behaviour
  • Lack of progress in treatment/compliance
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20
Q

Describe the Risk Assessment Tool for Low Risk of RED-S

A
  • Appropriate Physique without undue stress
  • Healthy eating habits
  • Healthy functioning endocrine system
  • Healthy bone mineral density
  • Healthy musculoskeletal system
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21
Q

What is the protocol for Red and Yellow zone of RED-S risk?

A
  • Immediate medical evaluation and treatment
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22
Q

What multidisciplinary areas of medicine are useful for the treatment and evaluation of RED-S?

A
  • Sports Medicine Physician
  • Sport Dietician
  • Mental Health Practitioner
  • Exercise Physiologist
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23
Q

What are the concomitant treatment areas for RED-S?

A
  • Mood disorders
  • Eating Disorders
  • Substance Use Disorders
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24
Q

What risk factors for RED-S require inpatient treatment?

A
  • Severe Bradycardia
  • Hypotension
  • Electrolyte Imbalance
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25
Q

How does the severity of RED-S relate to the treatment?

A
  • Increase in resistance to treatment
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26
Q

What is the protocol for High Risk RED-S?

A
  • No competition
  • No training
  • Use of written contract
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27
Q

What is the protocol for Moderate Risk RED-s?

A

If following treatment plan
- May train
When medically cleared
- May compete under supervision

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28
Q

What is the protocol for Low-Risk RED-S?

A
  • Full Sport Participation
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29
Q

What is Doping?

A
  • Prohibited substance in Athlete sample
  • Refusing to compel with sample collection request
  • tampering
  • trafficking of prohibited substances
  • administration of prohib substance to athlete
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30
Q

Why might athletes dope?

A
  • Belief other competitors are cheating
  • Determination to succeed
  • Pressure from others
31
Q

What are the three categories of prohibited substances?

A
  • Anabolic Agents
  • Hormones and Related Substances
  • Beta Agonists
32
Q

Describe Anabolic Agents

A
  • Derivative of Androgens
  • Anabolic Effect
  • Anticatabolic Effect
  • Enhancement of Aggressive Behaviour
33
Q

Describe Hormones and Related Substances used for doping

A
  • Erythropoietin
  • Human Growth Hormone: Anabolic
  • Insulin: Anabolic
  • Corticotropins (ACTH): causes release of cortisol, DHEA; no ergogenic benefit
34
Q

Describe Beta-2 Agonists involved in doping

A
  • Bronchodilators Used to treat asthma
  • Purported Benefit for Endurance Athletes
35
Q

What are the exceptions of Beta-2 Agonists?

A
  • Salbutamol
  • Salmeterol
  • Ventolin
36
Q

What are the prohibited methods of enhancement of oxygen transfer?

A
  • Homologous Blood Doping
  • Autologous Blood Doping
  • Erythropoietin Analogues
37
Q

What is homologous blood doping?

A

Transfusion
- Athletes used the blood of someone else with the same blood type

38
Q

What is Autologous Blood Doping?

A

Transfusion
- Athlete’s own blood stored for future use

39
Q

What is Erythropoietin Analogues?

A

hormone
- Stimulates production of red blood cells

40
Q

What are some blood doping symptoms?

A
  • Jaundice
  • Circulatory Overload
  • Increase risk of infections diseases
  • Septicaemia (blood poisoning)
  • Blood Clots, Stroke or health failure
  • Metabolic Shock
  • Allergic reactions (wrong blood used)
41
Q

What does Erythropoietin do?

A
  • Thickens blood
42
Q

What are some risks of using Erythropoietin?

A

Increased Risk of:
- Blood Clot
- Stroke
- Heart Attacks
- Contracting Infectious Diseases
- developing EPO antibodies that destroys EPO naturally produced by body

43
Q

What is Gene Doping?

A

Use of Genes, Genetic Elements, or Cells for:
- non-therapeutic purposes of enhancing performance

44
Q

What are the methods of gene doping?

A
  • Gene therapy
45
Q

What is gene therapy?

A
  • Introduce new genes into human body
46
Q

What does gene therapy do?

A
  • Correct absent or abnormal natural genes
  • Improve athletic performance
47
Q

How can Gener Therapy improve Athletic performance?

A
  • Increase Muscle Growth
  • Increase O2 Transfer
48
Q

What are some side effects of gene doping?

A
  • Cancer
  • Metabolic Deregulation
  • Allergy
49
Q

What is an athlete’s biological passport?

A
  • measurement of key laboratory variables
50
Q

What are athletes’ biological passports used for?

A

Look for changes over time
- Useful for identifying blood doping/EPO missuse

51
Q

What information can be asked of an athlete in the athlete’s whereabouts system?

A
  • Home Address
  • Training Information and Location
  • Competition Schedules
  • Regular Personal Activities (work and school)
52
Q

What is an RTP?

A
  • Registered Testing Pool
53
Q

What do athletes in a RTP have to do?

A
  • provide a 60min period every day where they are available to be tested
54
Q

What is a filing failure?

A

Whereabouts Strike
- When you fail to submit whereabouts information quarterly
- Provide incomplete information

55
Q

What is a missed test?

A

Whereabouts strike
- Failure of doping control officer to find you at specified location during 60min testing period

56
Q

What are the two whereabouts strikes?

A
  • Filing Failure
  • Missed Test
57
Q

What happens when you have three whereabouts strikes in a 12-month period?

A
  • Anti-doping rule violation
58
Q

What are the risks of supplements?

A
  • Substitutions
  • Adulterations
  • Unlisted Ingredients
  • Contamination
59
Q

What types of adulterations are found in supplements?

A
  • Economic adulteration
  • Pharmaceutical adulteration
60
Q

What is economic adulteration?

A
  • Less expensive ingredient is used in place of a more expensive ingredient listed on the label
61
Q

What is pharmaceutical Adulteration?

A
  • Active drug is included in a purportedly botanical supplement
62
Q

What percentage of supplements in the study on 634-non hormonal supplements contained anabolic steroids or androgens?

A
  • 15%
63
Q

What percentage of herbal supplements included unlisted ingredients?

A
  • 59%
64
Q

in a study of 44 supplements at University of Guelph, how many had substituted ingredients?

A
  • 30
65
Q

What were the most common types of supplements that the FDA warned about?

A
  • Weight loss
  • Mass Gaining
  • Sexual performance
66
Q

What are some high risk suplements?

A
  • Pre-workout
  • Fat burning supplements
  • Weight gain supplements
67
Q

What is the advice for athletes regarding the consumption of foodstuff?

A
  • Certain food and drink products may contain prohibited substances
68
Q

What are some examples of foodstuffs that contain prohibited substances?

A
  • Clenbuterol: within some meats from countries where it is used as a growth promoter in animals
  • Narcotics (morphine): Poppy seeds
  • Cannabinoids: edibles / hemp-containing foodstuffs
69
Q

What is the advice for athletes on social drugs of abuse?

A
  • Extreme caution
70
Q

What are some drugs of abuse prohibited by WADA?

A
  • Cannabinoids
  • Narcotics
  • Amphetamines
  • Cocaine
71
Q

Are the drugs of abuse that WADA prohibits for in-competition or always?

A
  • In-competition only
72
Q

Why might it be risky for an athlete to use drugs of abuse outside of competition?

A
  • could lead to adverse findings in competition due to delayed excretion
73
Q

Are needles allowed during the Olympics?

A
  • Only under certain exceptions and conditions

KIN 424 - Medical Aspects of Sport (11 decks)

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