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KIN 424 - Medical Aspects of Sport > Module 4 - Air Pollution > Flashcards

Module 4 - Air Pollution Flashcards

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1
Q

Does Air Pollution = Greenhouse Gases?

A

NO

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2
Q

How is Climate Change relevant to Air Pollution?

A
  • More frequent heat waves: more ground-level ozone
  • Wildfire Frequency and Severity: more particulate matter
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3
Q

What is an Air Pollution Recipe?

A
  • Gases
  • Particles
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4
Q

What makes up the gases of air pollution?

A
  • Ozone
  • Carbon Monoxide
  • Oxides of Nitrogen (NO2, NO)
  • others
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5
Q

What makes up the particles of air pollution?

A

Solid Particles & Liquid Droplets
- Dust
- Metal
- Black Carbon
- Pollen

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6
Q

What are the types of research models of air pollution?

A
  • Real World Acute Exposures
  • Laboratory Acute Exposures
  • Real World Epidemiology Studies
  • Hybrid Laboratory / Ambient Model
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7
Q

Describe the Real World Acute Exposures research model of air pollution

A
  • Realistic pollution exposures
  • Tough to generate control exposures, with blinding
  • Good pollution recipe
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8
Q

Describe a laboratory acute exposure research model of air pollution

A
  • Controlled and consistent pollution exposure
  • Sham conditions, blinding crossover design
  • Lack of long-term results
  • Approximate Recipe
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9
Q

Describe a real-world epidemiology study research model of air pollution

A
  • Long-term results
  • large sample sizes
  • control groups and blinding lacking
  • confounders
  • Good pollution recipe
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10
Q

Describe a hybrid laboratory / ambient research model of air pollution

A
  • Real World Pollution Exposure
  • Sham condition, blinding crossover design
  • Lack of long-term results
  • Surrogate Outcomes
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11
Q

Describe UBC’s Research on Air Pollution

A
  • Diesel Exhaust During Rest and Exercise
  • Ozone During Rest and Exercise
  • Healthy Individuals, and those with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
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12
Q

What sample outcomes do you look for when researching air pollution?

A

Effects on
- Performance
- Lung Function
- Dyspneoa
- Vascular Function
- Cardiac Function

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13
Q

How many people die each year from air pollution?

A
  • Approx. 4.2 Million
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14
Q

How does air pollution impact the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Ischaemic Heart Disease
  • Stroke
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15
Q

How does air pollution impact the respiratory system?

A
  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  • Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
  • Lung Cancer
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16
Q

How many cases of COPD and Respiratory Tract Infections occur due to air pollution?

A
  • 18%
17
Q

How many cases of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus occur due to air pollution? What level of Particulate Matter causes this?

A

10%
- PM2.5

18
Q

How does air pollution impact cognitive function?

A
  • Decrease in cognitive function
  • Dementia
19
Q

What are the effects of ozone exposure?

A
  • Worsening Lung Function
  • Increase in Symptoms
  • Increased Inflammatory Markers
20
Q

What are the inflammatory markers to look for from ozone exposure?

A
  • IL-6
  • Neutrophils
21
Q

What symptoms are increased from exposure to ozone levels higher than 120ppb?

A
  • Cough
  • Dyspnoea
22
Q

What are the measurements to test the worsening effects of air pollution on lung function?

A
  • FVC
  • FEV1
  • FEF25-75
23
Q

What do the studies say about Traffic-Related Air Pollution Effects?

A

Inconsistent Effects on:
- Lung Function
- Exercise Response
- Symptoms
- Inflammatory Response

24
Q

What are the cardiovascular responses to Traffic-Related Air Pollution?

A
  • Likely increase in blood pressure
  • Heart rate variability and endothelial function unclear
25
Q

What are the effects of Diesel Exhaust exposure?

A

No Effect on:
- Lung Function
- Heart Rate Variability
- Exercise Intensity
Inconsistent Effect on:
- symptoms

26
Q

Describe UBC’s Research on the performance effects of air pollution

A

During Rest and Exercise
- Diesel Exhaust
- Ozone
- Healthy Individuals
- Those with Exercise Induced Bronchoconstriction

27
Q

What were the results of Respiratory Function from UBC’s Research?

A

No Difference in:
- Spirometry
- Work of Breathing
- FeNO
- Respiratory Symptoms

28
Q

What were the performance effects of diesel found in UBC’s Research?

A
  • Increased perceived effort
  • at low intensity, increased oxygen cost
29
Q

What did UBC’s Research find about the effect of ozone on performance?

A

Decreased
- VO2Max during exercise
- Running performance
Increased
- Symptoms

30
Q

What is a good protocol for ozone and heat acclimatization?

A
  • Home Training Base: weeks to months
  • Holding Camp: 14 days heat/ozone acclimatization
  • Competition Location: 5-7 days re-acclimatization
31
Q

What is the limited research on masks and air pollution?

A
  • studies of walking in Beijing
  • Wearing masks for 48hours
  • Some HRV and SBP changes
32
Q

What mask is recommended? Why?

A

3M 8812
- 3% penetrance of Diesel
- Comfortable to wear
- in High particulate sites (when not training)

33
Q

What four things does AQHI communicate?

A
  • Air Quality on a scale of 1-10+
  • Describes the level of health risk
  • Health messages customized for each category (genpop & at risk)
  • Forecast for today, tomorrow, and the next day
34
Q

What are the Competition Recommendations for high ozone conditions?

A

Pre-competition:
- avoid pollution (travel to and from competition)
- stabilize asthma and EIB
- Proper warm-up
- 2 weeks of anti-oxidant use
- consider adaptation
During Competition
- Anticipate symptoms: chest tightness, dyspnoea

35
Q

What are the competition recommendations for particulate matter and travel-related air pollution?

A

Pre Competition
- limit pollution: travel to and from competition
- stabilize asthma and EIB
- Proper Warm up
During Competition
- Limited performance effect
Post Competition
- Consider mask to filter particulate pre/post competition

36
Q

What are training recommendations for air pollution?

A
  • Check the pollution forecast
  • Avoid pollution: separate by time and distance
  • Astha and EIB med is safe to use
37
Q

What are the take-home messages about air pollution?

A
  • Air pollution is BAD: 24/7
  • Exercise is GOOD
  • Consider the Recipe of the Air Pollution

KIN 424 - Medical Aspects of Sport (11 decks)

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