Module 4 - Air Pollution Flashcards
Does Air Pollution = Greenhouse Gases?
NO
How is Climate Change relevant to Air Pollution?
- More frequent heat waves: more ground-level ozone
- Wildfire Frequency and Severity: more particulate matter
What is an Air Pollution Recipe?
- Gases
- Particles
What makes up the gases of air pollution?
- Ozone
- Carbon Monoxide
- Oxides of Nitrogen (NO2, NO)
- others
What makes up the particles of air pollution?
Solid Particles & Liquid Droplets
- Dust
- Metal
- Black Carbon
- Pollen
What are the types of research models of air pollution?
- Real World Acute Exposures
- Laboratory Acute Exposures
- Real World Epidemiology Studies
- Hybrid Laboratory / Ambient Model
Describe the Real World Acute Exposures research model of air pollution
- Realistic pollution exposures
- Tough to generate control exposures, with blinding
- Good pollution recipe
Describe a laboratory acute exposure research model of air pollution
- Controlled and consistent pollution exposure
- Sham conditions, blinding crossover design
- Lack of long-term results
- Approximate Recipe
Describe a real-world epidemiology study research model of air pollution
- Long-term results
- large sample sizes
- control groups and blinding lacking
- confounders
- Good pollution recipe
Describe a hybrid laboratory / ambient research model of air pollution
- Real World Pollution Exposure
- Sham condition, blinding crossover design
- Lack of long-term results
- Surrogate Outcomes
Describe UBC’s Research on Air Pollution
- Diesel Exhaust During Rest and Exercise
- Ozone During Rest and Exercise
- Healthy Individuals, and those with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
What sample outcomes do you look for when researching air pollution?
Effects on
- Performance
- Lung Function
- Dyspneoa
- Vascular Function
- Cardiac Function
How many people die each year from air pollution?
- Approx. 4.2 Million
How does air pollution impact the cardiovascular system?
- Ischaemic Heart Disease
- Stroke
How does air pollution impact the respiratory system?
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
- Lung Cancer
How many cases of COPD and Respiratory Tract Infections occur due to air pollution?
- 18%
How many cases of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus occur due to air pollution? What level of Particulate Matter causes this?
10%
- PM2.5
How does air pollution impact cognitive function?
- Decrease in cognitive function
- Dementia
What are the effects of ozone exposure?
- Worsening Lung Function
- Increase in Symptoms
- Increased Inflammatory Markers
What are the inflammatory markers to look for from ozone exposure?
- IL-6
- Neutrophils
What symptoms are increased from exposure to ozone levels higher than 120ppb?
- Cough
- Dyspnoea
What are the measurements to test the worsening effects of air pollution on lung function?
- FVC
- FEV1
- FEF25-75
What do the studies say about Traffic-Related Air Pollution Effects?
Inconsistent Effects on:
- Lung Function
- Exercise Response
- Symptoms
- Inflammatory Response
What are the cardiovascular responses to Traffic-Related Air Pollution?
- Likely increase in blood pressure
- Heart rate variability and endothelial function unclear
What are the effects of Diesel Exhaust exposure?
No Effect on:
- Lung Function
- Heart Rate Variability
- Exercise Intensity
Inconsistent Effect on:
- symptoms
Describe UBC’s Research on the performance effects of air pollution
During Rest and Exercise
- Diesel Exhaust
- Ozone
- Healthy Individuals
- Those with Exercise Induced Bronchoconstriction
What were the results of Respiratory Function from UBC’s Research?
No Difference in:
- Spirometry
- Work of Breathing
- FeNO
- Respiratory Symptoms
What were the performance effects of diesel found in UBC’s Research?
- Increased perceived effort
- at low intensity, increased oxygen cost
What did UBC’s Research find about the effect of ozone on performance?
Decreased
- VO2Max during exercise
- Running performance
Increased
- Symptoms
What is a good protocol for ozone and heat acclimatization?
- Home Training Base: weeks to months
- Holding Camp: 14 days heat/ozone acclimatization
- Competition Location: 5-7 days re-acclimatization
What is the limited research on masks and air pollution?
- studies of walking in Beijing
- Wearing masks for 48hours
- Some HRV and SBP changes
What mask is recommended? Why?
3M 8812
- 3% penetrance of Diesel
- Comfortable to wear
- in High particulate sites (when not training)
What four things does AQHI communicate?
- Air Quality on a scale of 1-10+
- Describes the level of health risk
- Health messages customized for each category (genpop & at risk)
- Forecast for today, tomorrow, and the next day
What are the Competition Recommendations for high ozone conditions?
Pre-competition:
- avoid pollution (travel to and from competition)
- stabilize asthma and EIB
- Proper warm-up
- 2 weeks of anti-oxidant use
- consider adaptation
During Competition
- Anticipate symptoms: chest tightness, dyspnoea
What are the competition recommendations for particulate matter and travel-related air pollution?
Pre Competition
- limit pollution: travel to and from competition
- stabilize asthma and EIB
- Proper Warm up
During Competition
- Limited performance effect
Post Competition
- Consider mask to filter particulate pre/post competition
What are training recommendations for air pollution?
- Check the pollution forecast
- Avoid pollution: separate by time and distance
- Astha and EIB med is safe to use
What are the take-home messages about air pollution?
- Air pollution is BAD: 24/7
- Exercise is GOOD
- Consider the Recipe of the Air Pollution
