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NAT302 - Holistic Pathology > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

In the case of an X-linked recessive disorder, a carrier mother and unaffected father could produce a/an:

a. normal female.
b. affected female.
c. male carrier.

A

a. normal female.

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2
Q

Hemophilia A has been diagnosed in a young boy. He has inherited this defective gene from:

a. his father.
b. his mother.
c. both parents.

A

b. his mother.

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3
Q

Agents that cause damage during embryonic or fetal development are called:

a. teratogenic.
b. mutagenic.
c. multifactorial agents.
d. polygenic agents.

A

a. teratogenic.

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4
Q

Down syndrome is an example of a/an:

a. autosomal dominant disorder.
b. multifactorial disorder.
c. developmental defect.
d. chromosomal disorder.

A

d. chromosomal disorder.

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5
Q

The cellular division process that produces the chromosomes that are in sperm and ova is called:

a. meiosis.
b. mitosis.
c. organogenesis.
d. polysomy.

A

a. meiosis.

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6
Q

Which of the following are common manifestations of Down syndrome?

  1. Congenital heart defect
  2. Cleft lip and palate
  3. Large protruding tongue
  4. Limited intellectual development

a. 1, 2
b. 1, 3
c. 2, 4
d. 1, 3, 4

A

d. 1, 3, 4

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7
Q

Blood tests are performed on neonates primarily to:

a. determine need for immediate surgical correction of anomalies.
b. identify disorders requiring immediate treatment.
c. identify the presence of any inherited disorders.
d. rule out the presence of any infection.

A

b. identify disorders requiring immediate treatment.

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8
Q

Which statement applies to the effects of exposure to harmful substances during embryonic life?

  1. During the first two weeks, exposure will usually cause death of the embryo.
  2. Organs or body structures may be altered by exposure during the first two months.
  3. The effects of exposure depend on the stage of development at the time of exposure.
  4. Metabolic abnormalities usually follow exposure to teratogens.

a. 1, 3
b. 2, 4
c. 1, 2, 3
d. 2, 3, 4

A

c. 1, 2, 3

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9
Q

What is the probability of two parents, both carriers of a defective recessive gene, producing a homozygous child (with each pregnancy)?

a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%

A

b. 25%

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10
Q

The termproteomicsrefers to the study of:

a. DNA sequences with unknown functions.
b. gene sequences in individual chromosomes.
c. the proteins resulting from activation of specific genes.
d. identifying certain base pairs of DNA.

A

c. the proteins resulting from activation of specific genes.

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11
Q

What do prolonged periods of immobility frequently lead to?

  1. Orthostatic hypotension
  2. Increased blood pressure and increased heart rate
  3. Increased risk of both thrombi and emboli
  4. Rapid, deep respirations

a. 1, 2
b. 1, 3
c. 2, 4
d. 3, 4

A

b. 1, 3

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12
Q

Paralysis of the lower part of the body is called:

a. hemiplegia.
b. paraplegia.
c. quadriplegia.
d. None of the above.

A

b. paraplegia.

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13
Q

Immobility may lead to dehydration primarily as a result of:

a. changes in hormonal secretions due to increased blood in the thorax.
b. destruction of the kidneys as a result of ischemia and necrosis.
c. blockage of the ureters, causing retention of urine.
d. toxins being produced by infectious microorganisms.

A

a. changes in hormonal secretions due to increased blood in the thorax.

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14
Q

What is a major factor predisposing to pulmonary infection in immobilized patients?

a. Decreased activity and demand for oxygen
b. Increased retention of CO2
c. Inability to sneeze forcefully
d. Stasis of secretions in the lungs

A

d. Stasis of secretions in the lungs

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15
Q

Atelectasis may occur with a prolonged period of bed rest because of:

a. reduced removal of pulmonary secretions.
b. increased expansion of the lower lobes of the lungs.
c. increased risk of aspiration in a sitting position.
d. loss of cough reflex.

A

a. reduced removal of pulmonary secretions.

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16
Q

The major problem associated with immobility and the gastrointestinal tract is:

a. constipation.
b. diarrhea.
c. nausea.
d. increased rate of peristalsis.

A

a. constipation.

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17
Q

Prolonged immobility may predispose to ___________ in the kidneys.

a. urinary stasis
b. renal calculi
c. infection
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

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18
Q

Which of the following is likely to develop when a leg is immobilized in a cast?

a. Contracture
b. Muscle hypertrophy
c. Muscle atrophy
d. Increased osteoblastic activity

A

c. Muscle atrophy

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19
Q

Which of the following is/are common effect(s) of prolonged immobility in children?

a. Delayed linear growth
b. Contractures and deformities involving the hips, spine, legs, and feet
c. Skeletal muscle weakness
d. A, B, and C

A

d. A, B, and C

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20
Q

Lack of weight-bearing and skeletal muscle activity for a prolonged period leads to:

a. bone demineralization.
b. lengthening of tendons and ligaments.
c. decreased skeletal muscle mass.
d. A and C

A

d. A and C

21
Q

Developmental disorders can result from all of the following EXCEPT:

a. exposure to radiation.
b. mercury in foods and water.
c. drugs and alcohol.
d. folic acid.

A

d. folic acid.

22
Q

What is characteristic of a congenital disorder?

a. Genes are not involved.
b. It is strictly a developmental anomaly.
c. A cause is known.
d. It is usually manifested in the neonatal period.

A

d. It is usually manifested in the neonatal period.

23
Q

The laboratory practice of changing DNA sequences in microorganisms is called:

a. the genotype.
b. gene mutation.
c. genetic engineering.
d. gene therapy.

A

c. genetic engineering.

24
Q

A spontaneous alteration in genetic material that may result from exposure to harmful substances is termed:

a. autosome.
b. genotype.
c. meiosis.
d. mutation.

A

d. mutation.

25
Q

Which term refers to prenatal diagnosis through examination of amniotic fluid?

a. Chorionic villus testing
b. Preparing a family pedigree
c. Amniocentesis
d. Triple-screen test

A

c. Amniocentesis

26
Q

Which of the following statements regarding Down syndrome is TRUE?

a. The typical physical characteristics are present at birth.
b. All children with Down syndrome have the same organ defects and medical problems.
c. The extent of cognitive impairment can be assessed at birth.
d. The birth of a child with Down syndrome is only a risk to mothers over age 35.

A

a. The typical physical characteristics are present at birth.

27
Q

The purpose of the Human Genome Project was to:

a. map the nucleotide sequence and identify the genes on each human chromosome.
b. study the common patterns of inheritance of single-gene disorders.
c. manipulate the sequence of DNA in microorganisms and animals.
d. identify spontaneous alterations in genetic material caused by teratogens.

A

a. map the nucleotide sequence and identify the genes on each human chromosome.

28
Q

Genes located at the same site on a pair of homologous chromosomes that are also matched for function are called:

a. alleles.
b. genotypes.
c. autosomes.
d. phenotypes.

A

a. alleles.

29
Q

Paralysis of the lower part of the body is called:

a. hemiplegia.
b. paraplegia.
c. quadriplegia.
d. None of the above

A

b. paraplegia.

30
Q

Which of the following applies/apply to orthostatic hypotension associated with prolonged immobility?

a. Sudden changes in body position from supine to upright may cause low blood pressure.
b. Venous return and cardiac output are decreased with immobility.
c. All cardiovascular reflexes are lost with prolonged immobility.
d. A and B

A

d. A and B

31
Q

Which of the following frequently causes decubitus ulcers?

a. Infection by resident flora
b. Ischemia at pressure points
c. Normal degenerative changes
d. Allergic reaction to adhesive tape or dressings

A

b. Ischemia at pressure points

32
Q

Inactive muscle quickly loses strength as it becomes __________.

a. less elastic.
b. atrophied.
c. contracted.
d. spastic.

A

b. atrophied.

33
Q

A person with sickle cell trait that is heterozygous has:

a. an incomplete dominant gene.
b. a multifactorial condition.
c. co-dominant genes.
d. X-linked dominant trait.

A

a. an incomplete dominant gene.

34
Q

Which of the following statements applies to Huntington’s disease?

a. The effects are obvious at birth.
b. There is a test for the defective gene.
c. Thee is a 50% probability that the child of an affected parent will be a carrier.
d. The child must inherit the defective gene from both parents in order to be affected.

A

b. There is a test for the defective gene.

35
Q

Which of the following can easily pass through the placental barrier?

a. Many viruses
b. Some heavy metals
c. Certain chemicals
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

36
Q

TORCH is an acronym for routine prenatal screening tests for high-risk maternal infections; TORCH stands for:

a. toxoplasmosis, other (hepatitis B, mumps, rubeola, varicella, gonorrhea, syphilis), rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes.
b. tuberculosis, other (hepatitis B, mumps, rubeola, varicella, gonorrhea, syphilis), rabies, cytomegalovirus, and HIV.
c. toxoplasmosis, other (hepatitis B, mumps, rubeola, varicella, gonorrhea, syphilis), rabies, cytomegalovirus, and HIV.
d. tuberculosis, other (hepatitis B, mumps, rubeola, varicella, gonorrhea, syphilis), rabies, cytomegalovirus, and herpes.

A

a. toxoplasmosis, other (hepatitis B, mumps, rubeola, varicella, gonorrhea, syphilis), rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes.

37
Q

A mother is a carrier of Duchenne muscular dystrophy; the father is unaffected. They have one son with muscular dystrophy. Another male child is expected. The probability of the second son having muscular dystrophy is:

a. 100%
b. 50%
c. 25%
d. 0%

A

b. 50%

38
Q

Bladder infections are more likely to develop in immobilized patients because of:

a. stasis of urine in the urinary system.
b. development of hypocalcemia with immobility.
c. fluid overload in the system.
d. lack of neurological control of the bladder.

A

a. stasis of urine in the urinary system.

39
Q

Virchow’s triad refers to:

a. an anatomical structure in the kidneys.
b. a combination of factors affecting potential thrombus formation.
c. factors that predispose an individual toward urinary tract infections.
d. psychological factors leading to stress associated with immobility.

A

b. a combination of factors affecting potential thrombus formation.

40
Q

Which of the following is/are common effect(s) of prolonged immobility in children?

a. Delayed linear growth
b. Contractures and deformities involving the hips, spine, legs, and feet.
c. Skeletal muscle weakness.
d. A, B, and C.

A

d. A, B, and C.

41
Q

What is an example of a multifactorial congenital disorder?

a. Type AB blood
b. Down syndrome
c. Color blindness
d. Cleft lip and palate

A

d. Cleft lip and palate

42
Q

When genetic influences combine with environmental factors to cause an abnormality, the result is called a:

a. chromosomal disorder.
b. developmental disorder.
c. multifactorial disorder.
d. single-gene disorder.

A

c. multifactorial disorder.

43
Q

A father affected with hemophilia A, whose wife is unaffected, will pass on the defective gene to:

a. all of his sons, who will be affected.
b. 50% of his sons, who will be affected.
c. all of his daughters, who will be carriers.
d. 50% of his daughters, who will be carriers.

A

c. all of his daughters, who will be carriers.

44
Q

Which of the following statements applies to the sex chromosomes?

a. They are identified as XY in the female.
b. They are numbered pair 23 in the karyotype.
c. They contain the same genes as in the other pairs of chromosomes.
d. They are found only in the cells in the gonads (the ovaries and the testes).

A

b. They are numbered pair 23 in the karyotype.

45
Q

What is the term for an arrangement of the chromosomes from an individual’s cell, organized in pairs based on size and shape?

a. Pedigree
b. Punnett squares
c. Karyotype
d. Genotype

A

c. Karyotype

46
Q

Ultrasonography during pregnancy would be helpful in detecting fetal:

a. enzyme deficits.
b. structural anomalies.
c. chromosomal defects.
d. hormonal abnormalities.

A

b. structural anomalies.

47
Q

The most invasive prenatal screening test for fetal abnormalities is:

a. ultrasonography.
b. amniocentesis.
c. X-ray.
d. blood tests.

A

b. amniocentesis.

48
Q

Which of the following can be detected using amniotic fluid?

a. Chromosomal abnormalities
b. Metabolic disorders
c. Certain structural abnormalities
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

NAT302 - Holistic Pathology (7 decks)

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