Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NAT302 - Holistic Pathology > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following would result from a deficit of plasma protein?

a. Increased osmotic pressure
b. Decreased osmotic pressure
c. Increased hydrostatic pressure
d. Decreased hydrostatic pressure

A

b. Decreased osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which of the following is a common effect of both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia?

a. Skeletal muscle twitch and cramps
b. Oliguria
c. Elevated serum pH
d. Cardiac arrhythmias

A

d. Cardiac arrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which of the following results from hypocalcemia?

  1. Low serum phosphate levels
  2. Nausea and constipation
  3. Skeletal muscle twitch and spasms
  4. Weak cardiac contractions

a. 1, 2
b. 1, 4
c. 2, 3
d. 3, 4

A

d. 3, 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the slowest but most effective control for acid-base balance?

a. Respiratory system
b. Buffer systems in the blood
c. Kidneys
d. Brain

A

c. Kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which of the following would likely be related to an elevated hematocrit reading?

a. Fluid excess
b. Fluid deficit
c. Increased sodium level
d. Decreased erythrocytes

A

b. Fluid deficit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Alkalosis increases irritability and spontaneous stimulation of nerves by:

a. blocking normal nerve conduction.
b. increasing the permeability of nerve membranes.
c. blocking movement of calcium ions.
d. decreasing phosphate ion levels.

A

b. increasing the permeability of nerve membranes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The direct effects of acidosis are manifested primarily in the functioning of the:

a. Digestive system
b. Urinary system
c. Nervous system
d. Respiratory system

A

c. Nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which acid-base imbalance results from impaired expiration due to emphysema?

a. Metabolic acidosis
b. Metabolic alkalosis
c. Respiratory acidosis
d. Respiratory alkalosis

A

c. Respiratory acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which of the following is the primary control of serum Na+ levels?

a. ADH
b. Aldosterone
c. Serum H+ levels
d. Serum K+ levels

A

b. Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which two ions are most important for acid-base balance in the body?

a. K+, Na+
b. Cl- and HCO3-
c. Ca++, Na+
d. Na+, Cl-

A

b. Cl- and HCO3-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Severe, prolonged stress may cause acute renal failure or stress ulcers to develop as a result of:

a. a deficit of glucose and oxygen in the body.
b. the development of decompensated acidosis.
c. prolonged vasoconstriction and ischemia.
d. the supply of hormones having been exhausted.

A

c. prolonged vasoconstriction and ischemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hans Selye defined his general adaptation syndrome concept, which is also known as:

a. fight or flight.
b. compensate or compromise.
c. restrain or release.
d. avoid and flee.

A

a. fight or flight.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Possible complications caused by prolonged, severe stress include all of the following EXCEPT:

a. hypertension
b. tension headache
c. diabetes mellitus
d. blindness

A

d. blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Improved function of the heart and brain during a stress response results from:

  1. glycogenesis.
  2. bronchodilation.
  3. vasoconstriction in the skin and viscera.
  4. decreased metabolic rate.

a. 1, 2
b. 2, 3
c. 2, 4
d. 3, 4

A

b. 2, 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The stress response involves the integrated action of the:

  1. hypothalamus.
  2. hypophysis.
  3. sympathetic nervous system.
  4. adrenal glands.

a. 1, 3
b. 2, 3
c. 1, 2, 4
d. 1, 2, 3, 4

A

d. 1, 2, 3, 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A serious consequence of a major disaster, first recognized in war veterans is:

a. stress ulcers.
b. delayed tissue healing.
c. posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
d. cancer.

A

c. posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In which of the following situations would the stress response be used to prevent blood pressure from dropping too low?

a. Increasing anger during an argument.
b. Writing a final examination.
c. Fear about a medical diagnosis.
d. Internal hemorrhage from injuries in a car accident.

A

d. Internal hemorrhage from injuries in a car accident.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which of the following may alter a person’s perception of a stressor?

a. The presence of several stressors at the same time
b. Past experiences
c. Lack of effective coping mechanisms
d. A, B, and C

A

d. A, B, and C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Selye defined three stages in the stress response. The third stage is designated as the:

a. alarm stage.
b. resistance stage.
c. stage of exhaustion.
d. maladaptive stage.

A

c. stage of exhaustion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

During the stress response, endorphins act as:

a. pain blockers.
b. cerebral function depressors.
c. stimulators of increased secretion of aldosterone and insulin.
d. an enhancer of the immune response.

A

a. pain blockers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In the blood and extracellular fluids, hypernatremia refers to:

a. a deficient sodium level.
b. an excess phosphate level.
c. an excess sodium level.
d. an excessively low phosphate level.

A

c. an excess sodium level.

22
Q

An anxiety attack often causes hyperventilation leading to:

a. increased PCO2.
b. decreased PCO2.
c. respiratory acidosis.
d. metabolic acidosis.

A

b. decreased PCO2.

23
Q

The control center for thirst is located in the:

a. kidneys.
b. thalamus.
c. medulla.
d. hypothalamus.

A

d. hypothalamus.

24
Q

Prolonged diarrhea results in:

a. loss of fluid and bicarbonate ions, leading to metabolic acidosis.
b. increased fluid and serum bicarbonate ions, leading to metabolic acidosis.
c. loss of chloride ions only, leading to metabolic alkalosis.
d. surplus bicarbonate ions, leading to respiratory alkalosis.

A

a. loss of fluid and bicarbonate ions, leading to metabolic acidosis.

25
Q

What are the three mechanisms that control or compensate for serum pH?

a. Hypothalamus, metabolic changes by digestive system, lymphatic system filtration
b. Buffer pairs in blood, change in kidney excretion rate, change in respiration rate
c. Neural feedback, increase in heart rate, decrease in calcium intake
d. Modification of water intake, increased capillary permeability, decrease in blood volume

A

b. Buffer pairs in blood, change in kidney excretion rate, change in respiration rate

26
Q

Which of the following is a manifestation of respiratory alkalosis?

a. Bradycardia and deep rapid breathing
b. Drowsiness and general lethargy
c. Increased nervous system irritability
d. Decreased urine pH

A

c. Increased nervous system irritability

27
Q

Choose the correct proportion of water to body weight to be expected in a healthy male adult’s body?

a. 30%
b. 45%
c. 60%
d. 70%

A

c. 60%

28
Q

Increased milk and/or antacid intake can contribute to development of “milk-alkali syndrome,” which can cause which of the following?

a. Hyponatremia
b. Hyperkalemia
c. Hypercalcemia
d. Hypovolemia

A

c. Hypercalcemia

29
Q

Strenuous physical exercise on a hot day is likely to result in:

a. hypokalemia.
b. hypernatremia.
c. hyperchloremia.
d. hypovolemia.

A

d. hypovolemia.

30
Q

One of the factors involved in the increased need for water in infants is:

a. proportionally smaller body surface area.
b. higher metabolic rate.
c. small respiratory capacity.
d. greater surface area of exposed mucous membranes.

A

b. higher metabolic rate.

31
Q

Which of the following is a common cause of hyponatremia?

a. Loss of the thirst mechanism
b. Excessive sweating
c. Excessive aldosterone secretion
d. Prolonged period of rapid, deep respirations

A

b. Excessive sweating

32
Q

Which statements apply to atrial natriuretic peptide?

  1. It is secreted by heart muscle cells.
  2. It is a hormone secreted by the kidneys.
  3. It helps to control water and sodium balance.
  4. It is released in response to low blood pressure.

a. 1, 3
b. 1, 4
c. 2, 3
d. 2, 4

A

a. 1, 3

33
Q

In the initial stage, vomiting results in:

a. metabolic acidosis.
b. metabolic alkalosis.
c. respiratory alkalosis.
d. None of the above

A

b. metabolic alkalosis.

34
Q

Place the following events in the correct sequence of events when ketoacids increase in the blood of a diabetic patient. Not all options are used in the answers.

  1. Serum pH decreases.
  2. Serum bicarbonate decreases.
  3. PCO2 decreases.
  4. Respiration decreases.
  5. Respiration increases.
  6. Serum pH increases.
  7. Urine pH decreases.

a. 1, 3, 7, 4, 2, 6
b. 5, 2, 7, 3, 4, 1
c. 2, 1, 5, 3, 7, 6
d. 3, 1, 2, 5, 7, 6

A

c. 2, 1, 5, 3, 7, 6

35
Q

Compensation for respiratory system depression due to anesthesia and sedation would be:

a. decreased reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys.
b. increased secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate.
c. increased respiratory rate and depth.
d. increased renin secretion.

A

b. increased secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate.

36
Q

In which of the following processes is phosphate ion NOT a major component?

a. Bone metabolism
b. Metabolic processes involving adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
c. Blood clotting
d. Acid-base balance

A

c. Blood clotting

37
Q

Choose the correct proportion of blood (to body weight) in an adult male’s body:

a. 30%
b. 20%
c. 10%
d. 4%

A

d. 4%

38
Q

Compensation mechanisms in the body for dehydration would include:

a. increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
b. decreased aldosterone.
c. slow, strong heart contraction.
d. peripheral vasodilation.

A

a. increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

39
Q

When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal, water would shift from the:

a. blood into the cells.
b. interstitial compartment into the cells.
c. interstitial compartment into the blood.
d. cells into the interstitial compartment.

A

c. interstitial compartment into the blood.

40
Q

Which of the following would be considered normal serum pH?

a. 4.5-8
b. 7.0
c. 7.4
d. 8

A

c. 7.4

41
Q

Hypokalemia refers to a condition in which the serum has a very low level of which ion?

a. Sodium
b. Phosphate
c. Calcium
d. Potassium

A

d. Potassium

42
Q

Which of the following causes tetany?

a. Increased permeability of nerve membranes due to low serum calcium.
b. Excess calcium ions in skeletal muscle due to excess parathyroid hormone (PTH).
c. Excess calcium ions inside somatic nerves as a result of neoplasms.
d. Increased stimulation of the nerves in the cerebral cortex.

A

a. Increased permeability of nerve membranes due to low serum calcium.

43
Q

Which serum value indicates decompensated metabolic acidosis?

a. pH is below normal range.
b. pH is above normal range.
c. Bicarbonate level decreases.
d. Bicarbonate level increases.

A

a. pH is below normal range.

44
Q

Which condition is likely to cause metabolic acidosis?

a. Slow, shallow respirations
b. Prolonged diarrhea
c. Mild vomiting
d. Excessive fluid in the body

A

b. Prolonged diarrhea

45
Q

In patients with impaired expiration associated with emphysema, effective compensation for the acid-base imbalance would be:

a. increased rate and depth of respiration.
b. decreased rate and depth of respiration.
c. increased urine pH and decreased serum bicarbonate.
d. decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate.

A

d. decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate.

46
Q

Hypocalcemia causes weak cardiac contractions because:

a. permeability of nerve membranes increases.
b. insufficient calcium ions are available for muscle contraction.
c. low phosphate ion levels prevent muscle contraction.
d. excessive amounts of calcium are stored in cardiac muscle.

A

b. insufficient calcium ions are available for muscle contraction.

47
Q

The bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system helps maintain serum pH. The balance of the carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion levels are controlled by the:

a. liver and pancreas.
b. lungs and kidneys.
c. lungs and plasma proteins.
d. kidneys and bone marrow.

A

b. lungs and kidneys.

48
Q

What is the effect on blood serum when excessive lactic acid accumulates in the body?

a. Bicarbonate ion levels decrease
b. Bicarbonate ion levels increase
c. Carbonic acid levels increase
d. pH increases

A

a. Bicarbonate ion levels decrease

49
Q

Which is the correct effect on the body of abnormally slow respirations?

a. Increased carbonic acid
b. Decreased carbonic acid
c. Increased bicarbonate ion
d. Decreased bicarbonate ion

A

a. Increased carbonic acid

50
Q

Which of the following would cause edema?

a. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
b. Increased capillary osmotic pressure
c. Decreased capillary permeability
d. Increased capillary permeability

A

d. Increased capillary permeability

51
Q

A prolonged state of metabolic acidosis often leads to:

a. hypokalemia.
b. hyperkalemia.
c. hyponatremia.
d. hypercalcemia.

A

b. hyperkalemia.

NAT302 - Holistic Pathology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions