Module 7

Question 1

Centration

Answer 1

an inability to focus on two dimensions simultaneously

Question 2

Constructivism

Answer 2

a psychological paradigm that characterizes learning as a process of actively constructing knowledge

Question 3

Disequilibrium

Answer 3

a discrepancy between one’s existing knowledge and a new experience

Question 4

Egocentric Speech

Answer 4

an example of egocentrism in which children talk from the perspective of their own interest and experiences without regard for the interest and conversational contributions of the listener

Question 5

Identity Constancy

Answer 5

understanding that an object remains qualitatively the same even though its appearance changes

Question 6

Individual Constructivism

Answer 6

a form of constructivism in which individuals construct meaning by themselves from their experiences

Question 7

Inner Speech

Answer 7

internalized speech for regulating on’e thoughts and actions

Question 8

Internalization

Answer 8

a developmental process; in Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development; it occurs when an individual progresses from performing cognitive processes with a more capable person socially to performing them independently and mentally; in self-determination theory, it occurs when an individual moves from less self-determined to more self-determined

Question 9

Intersubjectivity

Answer 9

agreement

Question 10

Object Permanence

Answer 10

awareness that objects and people continue to exist even when not present

Question 11

Operations

Answer 11

physical actions performed mentally

Question 12

Psychological and Cultural Tools

Answer 12

any symbolic system provided by culture, such as signs, language, mnemonics, concepts, activities, or social interactions

Question 13

Reversibility

Answer 13

ability to manipulate one’s thinking in two directions

Question 14

Scaffolding

Answer 14

temporary social support provided by an adult or more capable peer for a child to accomplish a task

Question 15

Scemes

Answer 15

organized patterns of physical actions

Question 16

Semiotic Functions

Answer 16

an ability to use signs and symbols to represent an object

Question 17

Social Constructivism

Answer 17

a form of constructivism in which individuals construct meaning by interacting with others within a social and cultural context

Question 18

Socialized Speech

Answer 18

speech used for communicating in a social context with adults

Question 19

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Answer 19

the difference between what an individual can accomplish independently and what he or she can learn with assistance from more capable individuals