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PTHER351 > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify 1

A

Primary motor cortex

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2
Q

Identify 2

A

Supplementary motor area

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3
Q

Identify 3

A

Premotor cortex

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4
Q

The ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

A

Motor control

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5
Q

The cortical areas have higher level of control than other areas of the brain over voluntary movement (top down control)

A

Hierarchical view of Nervous system

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6
Q

Different areas of the newvous system control movement and they occur in parallel (voluntary and involuntary movements occuring at the same time)

A

Parallel view of Nervous system

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7
Q

What are the 5 structures of the Nervous System?

A

Cerebral Cortex
Basal Ganglia
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Spinal Cord

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8
Q

What is the main centre of control of voluntary movement?

A

Cerebral Cortex

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9
Q

What receives information from other brain areas to control movement?

A

Cerebral Cortex

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10
Q

What are the 3 different areas of the Cerebral Cortex?

A

Primary motor cortex
Supplemental and premotor areas
Associative areas

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11
Q

What has a direct pathway to the spinal cord (Corticospinal tract)?

A

Primary motor Cortex

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12
Q

Where do you find the representation of the motor homunculus in the brain?

A

Primary Motor Cortex

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13
Q

What part of the Cerebral Cortex is responsible for planning of movements?

A

Supplementary and premotor areas

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14
Q

What provides constant feedback to premotor areas

A

Associative areas

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15
Q

What provides the transition from perception to action?

A

Associative Areas

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16
Q

What are the 5 nuclei of the Basal Ganglia?

A

Putamen
Caudate
Globus Pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia Nigra

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17
Q

What has a direct and indirect pathway?

A

Basal Ganglia

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18
Q

What is responsible for the initiation and regulation of movement via thalamus?

A

Basel Ganglia

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19
Q

What does the direct pathway in the Basel Ganglia does to movement?

A

Facilitate movement

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20
Q

What does the indirect pathway in the Basel Ganglia does to movement?

A

Inhibition of movement

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21
Q

What is responsible for the control of coordinated and fast movements?

A

Cerebellum

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22
Q

What makes the necessary corrections when it compares the plan and output of movement?

A

Cerebellum

23
Q

Is the Cerebellum involved in motor learning?

A

Yes

24
Q

What is in the Brainstem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

25
Q

Where does the exit of the majority of the cranial nerves?

A

Brainstem

26
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for vita functions?

A

Brainstem

27
Q

What is the final common pathway and the last processing level of motor control?

A

Spinal Cord

28
Q

Where does the Spinal reflexes go through?

A

Spinal Cord

29
Q

What are 2 specific types of receptors that are located within the muscle?

A

Muscle Spindle
Golgi Tendon organs

30
Q

Detects rate and change in the length of a muscle - Sense Stretch and tells the muscle to activate

A

Muscle Spindle

31
Q

Detect rate and change in tension of a muscle - within the tendon

A

Golgi Tendon Organs

32
Q

How does the Golgi Tendon Organs stop the tension in a muscle6

A

Inhibition or relaxation of the muscle

33
Q

What are the functions of the muscle spindle and Golgi Tendon?

A

Protective functions

34
Q

What are the systems that help with the posture and balance?

A

Vestibular
Visual
Proprioceptive

35
Q

A cluster of neurons in the spinal cord responsible for the rhythmical stereotypical pattern of stepping during gait

A

Central pattern generators

36
Q

A set process associated with practice of experience leading to relatively permanent changes in skilled behaviour

A

Motor Learning

37
Q

What are the 2 types of movements?

A

Reflex and learned

38
Q

What are the 2 theories of motor learning that tries to conceptualize how motor learning works?

A

The closed loop theory
Dynamic systems theory

39
Q

What are the 4 stages of the Closed loop theory?

A

1 - Stimulus Identification
2 - Response Selection
3 - Response Programming
4 - Feedforward

40
Q

What is based on the principle that there is an optimal pattern of movement that leads to the best outcome with the least energy cost.

A

Dynamic Systems theory

41
Q

What are the 3 limitations of motor control theories?

A

Capacity
Speed
Distortion

42
Q

What are the 3 elements of skill acquisition?

A

Accuracy
Consistency
Efficiency

43
Q

What are the 3 phases of learning a new skill?

A

Maturation phase (instability)
Perception-Cognition (trial and error)
Memory (permanent)

44
Q

What is executive working memory?

A

Related to reasoning, processing organizarion, filterring.

45
Q

Special type of synapse between the motor neuron axon and muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular junction

46
Q

What does somatotopic organization mean?

A

Point-for-point correspondence of an area of the body to a specific point on the CNS or to a specific point in the brain

47
Q

Name one disease that has the basal ganglia as the primary affected area?

A

Parkingsons

48
Q

Name symptoms that a person with a cerebellar dysfunction will like present

A

Balance problems
Vertigo
Poor muscle coordination
double vision
decreased muscle tone

49
Q

Where is grey matter located in the brain and in the spinal cord?

A

Surface (ridges and grooves)
Cerebellum
Brainstem

Center in horn (spinal cord)

50
Q

Descrobe the role of the Gamma muscle cells within the muscle spindle

A

Helps keep tension in the muscle spindle when the muscle is contracted.

51
Q

What is the neurotransmitter involved in the transmission of action potential?

A

Acetylcholine

52
Q

What ion is released in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to cause a muscle contraction?

A

Calcium

53
Q

How does Calcium allow the formation of a cross bridge?

A

Calcium binds to troponin

54
Q
A

PTHER351 (10 decks)

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