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PTHER351 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Name the categories of movement

A

Mobility
Function
Occupational
Leisure
Communication

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2
Q

Describe the mobility category of movement and an example

A

Moving from one point to another - Walk or wheelchair

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3
Q

Describe the function category of movement and an example

A

Day to day activities - brushing teeth

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4
Q

Describe the occupational category of movement and an example

A

Productivity/volunteer - work or caring for a child

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5
Q

Describe the leisure category of movement and an example

A

activity that provides meaning - sports or knitting

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6
Q

Describe the communication category of movement and an example

A

using body to communicate non verbal messages - nodding

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7
Q

Describe movements before birth

A

Reciprocal kicking patterns
Fidgety movements

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8
Q

What are the environment that facilitate movement in the womb?

A

Amniotic fluid and reduced gravity

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9
Q

What are the movements in the early years?

A

Reflective movement patterns for then the development of refined movement patterns

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of play in the child stage?

A

Structured (sports and games)
Free (running and jumping)

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11
Q

What are the challenges of the adolescent stage of movement?

A

Growth and body type variation (continues to change)

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12
Q

Phases of fast growth makes it vulnerable for what?

A

Intrinsic (posture) and extrinsic (choice of activities) factors

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13
Q

What are some of the social and environmental factors that influence adolescence?

A

environment and society

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14
Q

What are some of the factors that influence adulthood movements?

A

Social and environmental influences

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15
Q

What is one of the biggest challenge for older adulthood?

A

Falls

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16
Q

What drives the newborn movements?

A

Food and interactions

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17
Q

What does the ability to sit upright allow the baby to do?

A

Use of hands for fine motor skills

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18
Q

Name the transitional movements a baby can perform

A

Sitting, crawling and standing

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19
Q

What systems are being integrated when a child is learning to walk?

A

Musculo-skeletal
Vestibular
Visual
Proprioceptive

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20
Q

What are the 3 stages of a child’s gait changes as they get older?

A

Initial
Elementary
Mature

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21
Q

What are some of the intrinsic factors that influence human movement in older adulthood?

A

Cellular changes in muscles, bones, joints and skin. Posture, balance and walking ability

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22
Q

What are the primary socializers and why?

A

Family - provides first set of values and norms

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23
Q

Who are the second socializers?

A

Friends

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24
Q

How does society have an influence on socialization and movement?

A

schools
Community
Government and public bodies

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25
Q

Are psychological factors in movement intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

Intrinsic

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26
Q

Are race and ethnicity intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

Intrinsic

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27
Q

Is environment intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

Extrinsic

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28
Q

What are the 5 elements of the Balance Theory Model?

A

Individual
Technology
Task Design
Organization
Task environment

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29
Q

Which element of balance theory model? Explains how movement can be limited, modified or adapted according to the environment.

A

Task Environment

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30
Q

Which element of balance theory model?
Explains the quality or characteristics of the task (movement) to be performed such as frequence, quality, force or intensity

A

Task Design

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31
Q

Which element of the balance theory model?
Explains how the use of technology can modify/impact human movement

A

Technology

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32
Q

Which element of the balance theory model?
Explains how the larger environment in which the system occurs can affect human movement and that a set of rules or norms can alter movement.

A

Organization

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33
Q

Which element of the balance theory model?
Main component of approach. Characteristics such as size, body type, physical and mental health, motivation and needs influence movement.

A

Individual

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34
Q

What are the functions of muscle?

A

Mobility
Movement
Heat production

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35
Q

What are the 3 different types of muscles?

A

Skeletal
smooth
cardiac

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36
Q

What is the structure of a skeletal muscle?

A

Muscle > Fascicles > Fibers

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37
Q

What connective tissues surround the Fibers of a muscle?

A

Endomysium

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38
Q

What connective tissues surround the fascicles of a muscle?

A

Perimysium

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39
Q

What connective tissues surrounds the fascicles all together (muscle)?

A

Epimysium

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40
Q

What are the three connective tissues of the muscle in order of larger to smaller?

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

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41
Q

What are the smaller units in a muscle fiber?

A

Myofibril

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42
Q

What are the sequential contractile units that forms the myofibril?

A

Sarcomere

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43
Q

What are the protein in the thick filaments?

A

myosin

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44
Q

What are the proteins in the thin filaments?

A

Actin
Troponin
tropomyosin

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45
Q

What is a good way to remember Actin being the protein for thin filaments of the muscle?

A

ac-thin

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46
Q

What is the Z line?

A

Determine the zones of one sarcomere

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47
Q

How do you remember the Z line?

A

Zee end of the actin

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48
Q

What is the I band?

A

The area where the thin and thick filaments do not overlap - no thick filament

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49
Q

What is the A band?

A

formed by the dark thick filaments

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50
Q

What is the H zone?

A

The area of the A band where the thick and thin filaments do not overlap

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51
Q

What is the M line (or disk)?

A

in the centre of the sarcomere

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52
Q

How do you remember the I band?

A

I-solated actin

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53
Q

How do you remember the A band?

A

What A-sin - Weird thing they say but related to myosin which is the thick filament only

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54
Q

How do you remember the H band?

A

H-as only myosin (thick) - in the center

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55
Q

How do you remember the M line or disk?

A

Midline

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56
Q

What is the following theory:
explains how the thin and thick filaments slide in relation to each other in the sarcomere, shortening it and therefore the muscle to produce a contraction.

A

The sliding filament theory

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57
Q

What are the functional units of the skeletal muscle formed by the muscle fibers and the motor neurons that innervate the fibers?

A

The motor unit

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58
Q

What is the production of force dependent on?

A

the number of muscle fibers

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59
Q

What kind of movements do small motor units provide?

A

Precise fine movements

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60
Q

What kind of movements do larger motor units provide?

A

Power and gross movement

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61
Q

What activates the motor units?

A

Action potential

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62
Q

What does “all or nothing apply to”?

A

Recruitment of Motor units

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63
Q

Can a motor unit have different types of muscle fibers?

A

No

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64
Q

What are the two ways the recruitment of motor units can change depending on the task?

A

Number of motor units recruited
Frequency of recruitment

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65
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle fibers?

A

Type 1
Type IIA
Type IIB

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66
Q

In what order do motor units recruitment work?

A

Size principle - smallest motor units (Type 1) are recruited first as they get fatigued later

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67
Q

What will create a single twitch?

A

Low frequencies of stimulation

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68
Q

What is a tetanic contraction?

A

A “full” muscle contraction when twitches are not apparent.

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69
Q

What is the production of force proportional to?

A

The number of cross-bridges that occur between the actin and myosin

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70
Q

What is the name of this graph

A

Length-Tension Curve

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71
Q

How does the active tension curve go in terms of length-tension?

A

Less tendion when shorter as cross-bridges are too tight and then also less then too long.

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72
Q

How does the passive tension work in terms of length-tension?

A

When the muscles is passively lengthened the tension will increase as the muscle reaches its outer range.

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73
Q

What type of muscle contraction is 1?

A

Concentric: force > load (shortens)

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74
Q

What type of muscle contraction is 2?

A

Isometric: force = load (no movement)

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75
Q

What type of muscle contraction is 3?

A

Eccentric: force < loag (lenghtens)

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76
Q

What is the ability of the muscle to generate a movement?

A

Muscle Force

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77
Q

What is the rate at which work is being done by a muscle?

A

Muscle Power

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78
Q

What is the formula for Power?

A

Power = Force of contraction x Velocity of contraction

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79
Q

When Power is calculated as positive, what kind of contraction is that?

A

Concentric

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80
Q

When Power is calculated as negative, what kind of contraction is that?

A

Eccentric

81
Q

What is a muscle’s ability to resist fatigue?

A

Muscle endurance

82
Q

What is the inability of a muscle to sustain force?

A

Fatigue

83
Q

What is the force produced by a muscle that can be measured?

A

Muscle Strength

84
Q

Muscle grading are what numbers?

A

0-5

85
Q

What is grade 0 for muscle grading?

A

No movement

86
Q

What is grade 1 for muscle grading?

A

Flicker of movement

87
Q

What is grade 2 for muscle grading?

A

Full ROM with gravity eliminated

88
Q

What is grade 3 for muscle grading?

A

Full ROM against gravity

89
Q

What is grade 4 for muscle grading?

A

Full ROM against gravity and moderate resistance

90
Q

What is grade 5 for muscle grading?

A

Full ROM against gravity and maximal resistance

91
Q

What is a reduction in muscle size?

A

Atrophy

92
Q

What is an increase in muscle size?

A

Hypertrophy

93
Q

What is the overload principle?

A

That a muscle has to work to fatigue with a load that exceeds its metabolic rate in order for strength to increase (weight training)

94
Q

Training can lead to what?

A
  • Increased vascularization (oxygen and energy)
  • Increase size
  • Increase in efficiency of motor unit recruitment
95
Q

What are the 4 principles of strength and endurance training?

A

Overload
Specificity
Progressive
Reversibility

96
Q

How do you do endurance training?

A

High reps with low loads

97
Q

What is the primary function of skeletal muscle?

A

To produce a force

98
Q

What are the components of a joint?

A

Bones
Cartilage
Joint Capsule
Synovial membrane
Ligaments
others

99
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous and Synovial

100
Q

What is the science name for a Fibrous joint?

A

Synarthroses

101
Q

What is the science name for a cartilaginous joint?

A

Amphiarthroses

102
Q

What is the science name for a Synovial Joint?

A

Diarthroses

103
Q

What is an example of a pivot joint?

A

radioulnar joint

Tibia and fibula

104
Q

What is an example of a saddle joint?

A

thumb

105
Q

What is an example of a Ellipsoid joint?

A

First vertebrae

106
Q

What are the 3 Planes of Movement?

A

Frontal Plane
Sagittal Plane
Transverse Plane

107
Q

What are the 3 Axis of movement?

A

Vertical
Frontal (transverse)
Sagittal (anteroposterior)

108
Q

Movement on the Vertical axis occur in what plane of movement?

A

On the transverse Plane

109
Q

Movements on the Frontal (transverse) axis occur in what plane of movement?

A

Sagittal Plane

110
Q

Movements on the Sagittal or anteroposterior axis occur in what plane of movement?

A

Front Plane

111
Q

What movements occur in the vertical axis?

A

Rotations

112
Q

What movements occur in the Frontal or transverse axis?

A

Flexion/extension

113
Q

What movements occur in the sagittal axis?

A

Adduction/abduction

114
Q

What movements occur in the anteroposterior axis?

A

Adduction/abduction

115
Q

What are the degrees of freedom?

A

Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial

116
Q

Give an example of a biaxial joint

A

Wrist

117
Q

What is a physiological movement?

A

The movement of a joint segment - flexion, extension, rotation etc.

118
Q

What is an accessory movement?

A

articulation of the joint surface in association with physiological movement - at the joint level (spin, glide, roll)

119
Q

What is the position of maximum congruency?

A

Closed-pack position

120
Q

What is the position that is the most vulnerable for injury?

A

Closed-pack position

121
Q

What is the position of minimal joint congruency?

A

Loose-pack position

122
Q

What position is the joint in the most lax and in the least stable position?

A

Loose-pack position

123
Q

What is Full ROM?

A

The maximal range available to the joint

124
Q

What is Inner Range ROM?

A

where muscle acting on joint is at its shortest

125
Q

What is Outer Range ROM?

A

Where the muscle acting on the joint is at its longest

126
Q

When we can assess what is stopping the joint and determine if it is pathological or normal

A

End Feel

127
Q

What does the elbow joint extension rely on as a stopping point?

A

Bony Stop

128
Q

What does the knee extension rely on as a stopping point?

A

Capsular and contractile tissues

129
Q

What is hypomobility?

A

Decreased ROM in joint

130
Q

What is hypermobility?

A

Increased ROM or greater than expected

131
Q

What is Active ROM?

A

How much movement is under volitional control by the patient

132
Q

What is Passive ROM?

A

How much movement is available at the joint when it is moved through its range by a therapist

133
Q

What is the indication of PROM?

A

When full active ROM is not possible due to weak muscle, problem or pain

134
Q

What is the indication of AROM?

A

When there is full or near full PROM, but decreased ROM. It is always better to have a patient doing ROM exercices as activiely as possible

135
Q

What is the indication of stretching?

A

To increase or maintain ROM in an individual with a soft tissue limitation (not bony)

136
Q

What is Joint mobilization?

A

When a trained professional moves a joint through its accessory movement manually

137
Q

What is the indication to joint mobilization?

A

To increase or maintain ROM when the joint surface is the limiting factor.

138
Q

What are manipulations?

A

Small-amplitude forceful movements to the joint past the available range

139
Q

What is the indication for manipulations?

A

To increase ROM (Chiro)

140
Q

What is the description of motion?

A

Kinematics

141
Q

What is the description of motion taking in consideration the forces that cause the motion?

A

Kinetics

142
Q

What are Newton’s Laws of Motion?

A

Law of Inertia
Law of Acceleration
Law of Action and Reaction

143
Q

What is the Law of Inertia?

A

Everybody will continue on its state of motion or rest until an external force is applied to change its state

144
Q

What is the Law of Acceleration?

A

The change of momentum of the body is proportional to the force applied and the direction of that force

145
Q

What is the Law of Action and Reaction?

A

For every action, there is a reaction or equal force and opposite direction

146
Q

What is the influence that changes the state of rest or motion of a body or object?

A

A Force

147
Q

What does the Force depend on as a Vector?

A

Magnitude and Direction

148
Q

What is the unit for Force?

A

Kg.m/s2 (au carré) - N

149
Q

What are force systems?

A

Used to describe 2 or more forces acting upon the same body

150
Q

What is the difference between a one-dimensional and two-dimensional force system?

A

Both act on same plane but one-dimensional in the in same line of action while two-dimensional isn’t

151
Q

What is a collinear force?

A

Same plane and line of action, one-dimensional. same or opposite direction

152
Q

What is a coplanar force?

A

Same plane but not same line of action

Two-dimensional

153
Q

What is a parallel force?

A

Direction of forces are parallel in the same of opposite direction

Two-dimensional

154
Q

What is an Orthogonal force?

A

The direction of the forces are perpendicular to each other

Two-dimensional

155
Q

What is a concurrent force?

A

Forces originate from the same point or their line of action intersect

Two-dimensionl

156
Q

What comes from the single force obtained by analyzing the force systems?

A

Resultant Force

157
Q

What force is this?

A

Concurrent

158
Q

What force is this?

A

Orthogonal

159
Q

What force is this?

A

Coplanar

160
Q

What force is this?

A

Parallel

161
Q

What force is this?

A

Collinear

162
Q

What is the force that makes a body continue to move in a circular motion?

A

Centripetal

163
Q

What are the 2 types of frictions?

A

Static and Dynamic (kinetic)

164
Q

What is the force that is exerted by an object that can suffer deformation by an external force?

A

Elastic

165
Q

In what direction is the elastic force?

A

Can vary but its generally in the opposite direction of the deformation

166
Q

What is the amount of deformation of elastic materials dependent on?

A

Load and stiffness

167
Q

What is the force produced by the ground when a force is applied towards the ground?

A

Ground Reaction Force

168
Q

What is the turning movement resulting from a force applied at a distance from the axis of rotation?

A

Moment Arm

169
Q

What is moment expressed in?

A

Newton meters Nm

170
Q

What is Type 1 lever?

A

Axis of rotation in the middle

171
Q

What is Type 2 lever?

A

Resistance in the middle

172
Q

What is Type 3 lever?

A

Force in the middle

173
Q

When the Mechanical Advantage is higher than 1, is it easier or harder?

A

Easier

174
Q

When the Mechanical Advantage is lower than 1, is it easier or harder?

A

Harder

175
Q

What are the 2 types of Linear motions (translation)?

A

rectilinear (straight) or curvilinear

176
Q

What is a displacement?

A

Shortest distance between 2 points

177
Q

What is velocity measured as?

A

m/s

178
Q

What is acceleration measures as?

A

m/s2 (au carre)

179
Q

What is an angular motion?

A

rotation - measured in degrees

180
Q

What is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its angular motion?

A

Moment of Inertia

181
Q

COG?

A

Center of Gravity

182
Q

COM?

A

Center of Mass

183
Q

LOG?

A

Line of Gravity

184
Q

BOS?

A

Base of Support

185
Q

When do you have balance?

A

If the COG falls within the BOS

186
Q

When do you have stability?

A

When the body is able to return to its initial state of balance

187
Q

How is Work measured?

A

Joules

188
Q

What is Work?

A

The ability of Force to move an object

189
Q

What is the capacity of a force to produce work?

A

Energy

190
Q

What are the principles of energy conservation?

A
  • The sum of energy is assumed to always be constant
  • One form of energy can be transformed into another
  • Energy is not created or destroyed
191
Q

What is the pressure exerted by a fluid?

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

192
Q

Where does Hydrostatic Pressure acts?

A

In all directions

193
Q

What is density?

A

The mass of the fluid divided by its volume

194
Q

When will a body float or sink?

A

Bigger than 1 = sink
Smaller than 1 = float

195
Q

What is the human body density?

A

0.86-0.97

196
Q

What are the two types of flow?

A

Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flow

197
Q

What is buoyancy?

A

Upward force that fluid exerts on body

198
Q

In which condition would a body immersed in water have the tendency to rotate?

A

When COB and COG do not align

PTHER351 (2 decks)

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