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BMSC 200 > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Physiological roles of Carbohydrates

A

Sources of Energy, Energy storage, Structural roles, Cellular interaction, Cellular identification, Information transfer (DNA and RNA), Signalling

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2
Q

Carbohydrates Empirical Formula

A

(CH2O)n n is usually 3-6

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3
Q

Two classes of carbohydrates

A

Aldoses and Ketoses

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4
Q

Aldose

A

Aldehyde Group

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5
Q

Ketose

A

Ketone Group

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6
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Multiple asymmetric carbons
Either D or L is based on the configuration of the chiral carbon most distant from the carbonyl oxygen

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7
Q

L

A

OH to left

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8
Q

D

A

OH to right

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9
Q

Stereoisomers Formula

A

2^n n(Chiral Carbons)

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10
Q

Epimers

A

Differ in one chiral Carbons

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11
Q

Anomers

A

Cycilizatuin

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12
Q

Cyclic Structures

A

longer carbons (5carbons and up) tend to be cyclized
Formation of these cyclized structures is the result of a reaction of an internal alcohol with either

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13
Q

Aldehyde + Alcohol

A

Hemiacetal

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14
Q

Ketone + Alcohol

A

Hemiketal

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15
Q

6 member ring forms

A

Pyranose

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16
Q

5 member ring forms

A

Furanose

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17
Q

Anomeric Carbon

A

the carbon that becomes chiral as a result of cyclization is the anomeric carbon

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17
Q

Anomeric Carbon

A

the carbon that becomes chiral as a result of cyclization is the anomeric carbon

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18
Q

Alpha

A

Down

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19
Q

Beta

A

Up

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20
Q

Mutarotation

A

In solution the alpha and beta configurations interconvert by a process Called mutarotation
Mutarotation occurs through a linear intermediate
Mutarotation represents change in configuration

21
Q

Sigar Derivatives

A

Includes Nitrogen, phosphate and sulfur groups
These modifications usually indicate specialized functions

22
Q

Reducing Agents

A

Linear forms of Monosaccharides can be oxidized by mild oxidizing agents like iron and copper
Carbonyl group is oxidized to a carboxyl group

23
Q

Where is the reducing end

A

Anomeric Carbon end

24
Q

Glycosidic Bond

A

Primary Structural linkage in all polymers of monosaccharides

25
Q

O- Glycosidic Bond

A

Occurs through oxygen

26
Q

N- Glycosidic Bond

A

Occurs through nitrogen

27
Q

Disaccharides

A

The Monosaccharides have multiple hydroxyl groups means that there are many different glycosidic linkages are possible

28
Q

Glycosyltransferases

A

Higher order Carbohydrate structures are generated through the action of glycosyltranferaces

29
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Have diverse Structures and functions
Biological functions include energy, storage, structural roles, cushioning and lubrication

30
Q

Homopolysaccharides

A

Are polymers containing a single type pf monosaccharide

31
Q

Heteropolysaccharides

A

Are polymers containing more than one type pf monosaccharide

32
Q

can either be

A

Branched or Unbranched

33
Q

Starch

A

A mixture of 2 molecules
Found in plants and fungi

34
Q

Amylose

A

A linear polymer of glucose residues through a(1-4) Bonds. Unbranched

35
Q

Amylopectin

A

Branched. Consists of a(1-4) linked glucose residues with a(1-6) branch points every 24-30 residues

36
Q

Glycogen

A

Stored in liver and skeletal muscle of animals

37
Q

Amylopectin

A

Has one reducing end but has multiple non reducing ends

38
Q

Amylase

A

Cuts a(1-4) linkages

39
Q

Debranching Enzyme

A

Cuts a(1-6)

40
Q

Glycogen

A

Structurally identical to amylopectin has a(1-4) glucose with a(1-6) brachpoints but at every 10 residues
Greater frequency of branching allows for rapid mobilization

41
Q

Cellulose

A

Primary component of plant cell walls (Fibre)
Accounts for over half of the carbon of the biosphere
Cellulose is a linear homopolysaccharide of glucose residues

42
Q

What does cellulose have

A

Linear arrangement of B(1-4) Glycosidic residues
Cannot be cut by Amylase

43
Q

Chitin

A

Principle component of hard exoskeletons (Insects and lobsters)
Linear homopolysaccharide of N- acetylglucosamine residues

44
Q

Chemical difference between chitin and cellulose

A

Replacement of hydroxyl group at C2 with acetylates amino group

45
Q

B(1-4) Linkages

A

Formation of long straight chains
Fibrils are formed by parallel chains that are linked through hydrogen bonds
Fibers generate a rigid supportive structure of high tensile strength

46
Q

a(1-4) linkages

A

Starch glycogen form a hollow pelican structure
Hollow helix provides a compact accessible storage structure of glucose

47
Q

Blood Group Antigens

A

Sugars can be covalently linked to lipid molecules to form glycolipids
A central function of glycolipids is in the blood group antigens
Different patterns of sugars presented on the surface of cells by the glycolipids help the body to discriminate self from non self
Differences in the blood group

48
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteins with covalently attached sugars
Protein constituent is the largest component of weight
Serve a variety of biological roles

49
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Protein component is linked to a particular type of carbohydrate called Glycosamnioglycan
The Carbohydrate constiurn is largest by weight
Structural and Lubricating functions

50
Q

In Glycoproteins sugars are either linked to

A

Asparagine or Threonine

51
Q

Erythropoietin

A

EPO stimulates red blood production
EPO has 3 N linked and one O linked Glycosylation
EPO is highly effective in the treatment of anemia
EPO also exploited by endurance athletes to increase oxygen carrying capacity

BMSC 200 (10 decks)

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