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Human Physiology > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

All ascending and descending fibers connecting the brain and spinal cord pass through…

A

Medulla

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2
Q
  • The iconic gray mantle of the human brain; the largest part of the brain and makes up the most mass; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory
A

Cerebrum

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3
Q
  • Outer covering of the forebrain, marked by wrinkles and folds know as gyri and sulci
  • Consists of cerebral hemispheres each divided into lobes
A

Cerebral cortex

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4
Q
  • Relay center for sensory information (except for smell)
  • Helps flow of info
  • Allows you to prioritize what is received
A

Thalamus

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5
Q
  • Master common center for neural and endocrine coordination
  • Regulates pituitary gland
  • Key to homeostasis regulation
  • Influenced by higher brain centers
  • Why? controls what you need to survive: eating, drinking, regulation of body temp
A

Hypothalamus

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6
Q
  • autonomic nervous center functions: Cardio and respiratory rates
  • Lower half of brainstem
  • Relays sensory info to the thalamus
A

Medulla oblongata

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7
Q

Neural pathway for involuntary response to stimulus, involving sensory info. Moving to the CNS and motor info from CNS

A

Reflex arc

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8
Q

What is the step by step process of a reflex arc?

A
  1. As stimulus occurs at the receptor of a sensory neuron
  2. this is sent along the afferent neuron as a nervous impulse and is received by the CNS
  3. The interneuron makes connections to the motor neuron
  4. The motor neuron transmits the impulse to the effector organ (look at slides for this)
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9
Q
  • Structures at the edge (limit) of the boundary between the forebrain and hindbrain that are most associated with emotional behavior and memory formation
  • Emotions
  • Physically linked to the thalamus and hypothalamus (nervous to endocrine)
A

Limbic system

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10
Q

What are the emotions controlled by the limbic system?

A

Aggression, fear, hunger, sex drive, goal directed behavior

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11
Q

This emotion occurs in the amygdala and hypothalamus

A

Aggression

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12
Q

This emotion occurs in the amygdala and hypothalamus

A

Fear

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13
Q

This emotion occurs in the hypothalamus

A

Hunger/Satiety

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14
Q

This emotion occurs in the entire limbic system

A

Sex drive

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15
Q

Reward and punishment system

A

Goal-directed behavior

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16
Q

___ and ____ cooperate in the neural basis of emotion

A

Hypothalamus and limbic system

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17
Q

Few connections between ___ ____ and ____ limiting conscious control over emotion

A

Cerebral cortex, limbic system

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18
Q
  • Region of the adult brain connected primarily to the pons developed from the metencephalon (along with the pons)
  • Is largely responsible for comparing information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from the periphery through the spinal cord
  • Controls complex motor skills and coordinates motor learning.
A

Cerebellum

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19
Q

Fluid that circulates throughout and around the CNS. The fluid is a clear solution with a limited amount of the constituents of blood. It is essentially water, small molecules, and electrolytes

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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20
Q

Region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the occipital bone of the cranium

A

Occipital lobe

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21
Q
  • higher mental functions
  • The largest and most complicated region of the brain
    -including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum
    -cerebral cortex
    -corpus callosum
A

Forebrain

22
Q

Forebrain-cerebrum: Higher mental functions is made up of…

A

Cerebral cortex and corpus callosum

23
Q

A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upwards

A

Midbrain

24
Q

An area of the brain that coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord

A

Hindbrain

25
Q
  • Composed of thee brain and spinal cord
A

CNS

26
Q

What are the functions of the CNS?

A
  • Receives input from sensory neurons and directs activity of motor neurons
  • Association neurons integrate sensory information to help direct the appropriate response to maintain homeostasis and respond to the environment
  • Humans are capable of learning and memory adding a layer of modification to our behaviors
27
Q

Bundle of nerves that connects the cortex layers of the left and right hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

28
Q
  • Formation and retrieval of memory
  • Helps form cognitive maps that help make mental models of our world
  • Stress and emotion can affect memory
A

Hippocampus

29
Q
  • Combines different sensory input
  • Memory and emotion combine if strong enough
A

Amygdala

30
Q

PTSD effects what areas of the brain?

A

Hippocampus and amygdala

31
Q

Explain what the relationship is between emotions, memory, and actions using what you have learned from the nervous system.

A
  • Brainstem and spinal cord for somatic or autonomic response
  • Memory is stored in the hippocampus of your emotional experience
  • Emotional behavior ties in the cerebral cortex (sensory) and hypothalamus
32
Q
  • Regulates circadian rhythms and choroid plexus
  • Includes the pineal gland
A

Epithalamus

33
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon is made up of….

A

Thalamus and epithalamus

34
Q
  • Produces 2 hormones; ADH and Oxytocin
  • Transported for release by posterior pituitary
  • Produce releasing and inhibiting hormones transported and released by anterior pituitary
A

Forebrain (hypothalamus)

35
Q
  • motor control
  • Maintains connections from cerebellum
A

Midbrain functions

36
Q

In the midbrain, ___ ___ project to basal nuclei and limbic system

A

Dopaminergic neurons

37
Q

A neurotransmitter and hormones associated with good feelings

A

Dopamine

38
Q

Dopamine is released in the nuclease accumbens after…

A

Conceptions of certain addictive drugs

39
Q

A collection of neurons in the forebrain that plays an important role in reward and emotional reactions to events

A

Nucleus accumbens

40
Q

Opioids bind to…

A

Opioid receeptors

41
Q

Receptors are activated by stress to block the

A

Transmission of pain

42
Q

Polypeptides produced by the brain and pituitary gland

A

Endogenous

43
Q

Drugs such as opium and morphine fit these same receptors, resulting in pain relief

A

Exogenous

44
Q

What do opioids do?

A
  • Produce euphoria so they may mediate reward pathways
  • For example: release endorphins
45
Q

Named from the polypeptide: B-enforphins

A

Endorphins

46
Q

Thee hindbrain is made up of

A

Cerebellum and pons

47
Q

Sensory and motor tracts (axons) from the spinal cord , respiratory control centers

A

Pons

48
Q

PNS Nerves =

A

Spinal nerves

49
Q

All separate near the spinal cord into a dorsal root carrying sensory fibers and a ventral root carrying motor fibers

A

Spinal nerves

50
Q
  • Some reflexes require many association areas and interneurons in the brain
  • Muscle stretch reflex
A

Reflex arc differences

51
Q

___ ____ ___ like afferent and efferent neurons directly together (ex knee jerk reflex)

A

Muscle stretch reflex

Human Physiology (7 decks)

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