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Human Physiology > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Neural tissue that is primarily responsible for conducting electrical signals away from the body and responds to stimulus

A

Neuron

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2
Q

-Constitute about half of the cells in the CNS
-Can divide by mitosis unlike neuron
- Provide physical and metabolic support

A

Glial cell

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3
Q

Conducts impulse towards the CNS

A

Afferent

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4
Q

Conducts impulse away from the CNS

A

Efferent

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5
Q

Motor neuron innervating skeletal muscles

A

Somatic

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6
Q

Functional division of the nervous system that is responsible for homeostasis reflexes that coordinate control of cardiac and smooth muscle

A

Autonomic

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7
Q

Glial cell type in the PNS that provides the myelin insulation for axons in nerves

A

Schwann cell

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8
Q

Proteins that function to anchor synaptic vesicles in axon terminals to the presynaptic plasma membrane

A

SNARE complex

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9
Q

Lip-rich layer of insulation that surrounds an axon, formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS; facilitates the transmission of electrical signals

A

Myelin sheath

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10
Q

The difference in voltage measured across a cell membrane under steady-state conditions, typically -70 mV

A

Resting membrane potential

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11
Q

-Change in a cell membrane potential from rest toward zero
- Inside the cell membrane becomes less negative compared to outside the membrane

A

Depolarization

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12
Q

Return of the membrane potential to its normally negative voltage at the end of the action potential

A

Repolarization

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13
Q

Increase in negativity of inside the cell membrane with respect to the resting membrane potential

A

Hyperpolarization

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14
Q

One of many branchlike proceses that extends from the neuron cell body and functions as a contact for incoming signals (synapse). from other neurons or sensory cells

A

Dendrite

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15
Q

Protein channel when stimulated depolarizes membrane to threshold, specific to an ions

A

Voltage regulated channel

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16
Q

All or nothing

A

Action potential

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17
Q

Time during an action period when another action potential cannot be generated because the voltage-gated Na+ channel is inactivated

A

Absolute refectory period

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18
Q

-The period of time following an action potential, when it is possible but difficult for the neuron to fire a second action potential, due to the fact that the membrane is further from threshold potential (hyper polarized)
- Second action potential can happen only if stimulus strength is greater than usual

A

Relative refectory period

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19
Q

Chemical signal that is released from the synaptic end bulb of a neuron to cause a change in target cell

A

Neurotransmitter

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20
Q

A junction where impulses are transmitted from neurons and in the PNS the target muscle gland

A

Synapse

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21
Q
  • Amplitude decreases as signal moves toward axon hillock
  • Varies in size
  • Amplitude varies
A

Graded potential

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22
Q
  • The result of graded depolarization by opening Na+ or Ca2+ channels
  • The result of depolarization by bringing the postsynaptic membrane closer to a threshold
  • Makes an action potential more likely to occur
A

Excitatory post synaptic potential

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23
Q
  • The result of graded hyper polarization by opening K+ or Cl- channels
  • the result of hyperpolarization
  • Decreases the likelihood of an action potential
A

Inhibitory post synaptic potential

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24
Q

Molecule that specifically binds and activates a receptor protein

A

Agonist

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25
Molecule that binds and reduces the activity of receptor proteins
Antagonist
26
Association of 3 membrane associated protein subunits regulated by guanosine
G-protein
27
Neuron located in the CNS; also called association neuron
Interneuron
28
Regulate and control other body systems of the body
What is the function of the nervous system
29
How does the nervous system function?
By communicating through electrochemical impulses
30
Electrochemical impulses are...
Action potentials
31
The nervous and endocrine systems are your...
Control systems
32
A neuron is the _____ unit
Smalleset
33
What do neurons do?
- Respond to stimuli - Conduct electrical activity - Release chemical regulators
34
What are the 3 structural classes of neurons?
- Unipolar neuron - Bipolar neuron - Multipolar neuron
35
What is the most common structural class of neurons?
Multipolar neuron
36
Electrical impulses move from...
Start to end
37
- Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information - The start - the reception zone
Dendrites
38
- Connection of cell body to axon - Potential energy
Axon hillock / initial segment
39
Located completely within the CNS and integrate functions of the nervous system
Association / interneurons
40
Conduct impulses from the CNS to target organs
Motor Neurons
41
Conduct impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS
Sensory neurons
42
Impulse must begin on...
Dendrites
43
Functional types of neurons:
Sensory, motor, interneurons
44
Interneurons and motor neurons are both structurally...
Multipolar
45
Sensory neurons are structurally...
Unipolar
46
Functions of functional types of neurons
Carry information toward the cell body
47
CSF
Cerebrospinal fluid
48
- Insulates and covers axon - Forms myelin sheaths
Oligodedrocytes
49
Neurons without myelin sheath react...
Slower
50
Neurons have a resting potential of...
-70 mV
51
Ions constantly move to maintain
Concentration gradients
52
Ligand gated, voltage gated, mechanical gated
Channels in the membrane
53
- Opening in response to the binding of a chemical ligand to its receptors - Another name for inotropic receptor for which a neurotransmitter is the ligand
Ligand gated
54
Location of ligand-gated channels?
Dendrites and the cell body
55
Voltage gated channels are specific to which ions?
Na+ and K+
56
Open at +30mV, slower to open and close
Voltage gated K+ channel
57
- Open at negative values - Respond faster at threshold (Aprox. -55 mV) -Inactive at +30 mV, breaking positive feedback loop
Voltage gated Na+ channels and stage gated Na+ channels
58
Both voltage gated Na+ channels and Voltage gated K+ channels are closed at...
resting potential; -70mV
59
An approximate value needed for an action potential to occur
Threshold
60
A neuron needs to move from -70 mV to ___ for an action potential to occur.
-55 mV
61
1 Action potential wave consists of
A single cell where the membrane potential quickly becomes positive and returns to resting potential
62
Compound action potential sum together more than...
One cell undergoing an action potential
63
Try to have the same message all the way through; from start to end
Regenerated
64
Myelin prevents Na+ and K+ from moving through the membrane
Myelinated neurons
65
Synapses can be ___ or ___ depending on the ___ being transmitted
Inhibitory, excitatory, neurtransmitter
66
Synapses can use both chemical and electrical stimuli to
Pass information
67
pre- and post- synaptic cells are connected by
Gap junctions
68
Even if you go below -70 mV
You are still at a graded potential
69
- More positive on the side than negative to carry out action potential - More negative = no action potential
Summation
70
Graded potentials may lead to
Action potential
71
- Neurotransmitter - Increased arousal - Enhanced cognition
Acetylcholine
72
- Neurotransmitter - Increased pleasure - suppressed appetite
Dopamine
73
- Ach binds to postsynaptic cell ex. skeletal muscle cell - Agonist: nicotine - Antagonist: Curare
Nicotinic arch receptors
74
- Ach binds to postsynaptic cell ex digestive cells or cardiac cells - agonis: Muscarine - Antagonist: atropine
Muscarinic Ach receptors
75
- Synthesized from amino acids - Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
Monoamines
76
Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine together
Catecholamines

Human Physiology (7 decks)

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