Module 7 Flashcards
Define occupation
routinized work, lack of autonomy, structured conditions and patterns.
Define profession
autonomous decision making in ambiguous circumstances…application of judgment… knowledge and skills
When is an occupation a profession?
A continuum rather than a dichotomy
Occupation deemed a profession if it possesses a number of traits.
No consensus on which traits
Many are generally agreed upon
Traits are categorized as either structural or attitudinal
Structural Traits
Specialized knowledge and skills
Performing a service important to society
Autonomy for the service provider
Self-regulation, formal organizations and codes of ethics
A system for training others in the knowledge, skills and values of the profession
Shared ethical values
Practice based on theoretical knowledge
Professional culture passed on to new entrants
Professional authority that includes power and privilege sanctioned by the community
Attitudinal Traits
A belief in service to the public
A sense of a calling, or dedication to the profession
Commitment to self-improvement
Service orientation to patients and to the profession
Creativity and innovation
Trustworthiness
Accountability
Integrity, duty, and honour
Leadership
Define Attitudes and Behaviours
Attitudes - learned predisposition
Behaviour - actions in response
A professional attitude can be defined as a predisposition, feeling, emotion, or thought that upholds the ideals of a profession and serves as the basis of professional behaviour.
Key traits of a profession
Special knowledge based on a theoretical framework
Ability to use that knowledge with experience and good judgment
Payment for services
Professions also differ from non-professional occupations in that the relationship between provider and recipient is not merely nor primarily commercial.
Professions are expected to charge a fee (in some cases substantial) for the services provided; however…
The primary goal of the exchange is to maximize the benefit received by the patient rather than the provider of the service.
Patient and Profession (relation to payment)
It is a relationship built on the ability of the patient to trust the professional will be working in the patient’s best interests
The nature of the relationship implies both a covenantal and a fiduciary relationship
Seen as essential between a member of a profession and the person being served.
Why has pharmacy not been considered a profession in the past?
- Lack of control over work. deference to physicians
- Semi-professional based on over-reliance on technical skills
- Quasi-professional due to lack of autonomy or equivalency of members (heirachy - unclear roles)
How can pharmacy become a profession?
Consistently demonstrate the structural and attitudinal traits of a health profession.
Must possess clinical knowledge and skills, and the ability to control how these are used to provide patient care through self-regulation and professional autonomy.
Must possess and convey the attitudes, values and habits that are at the core of a profession.
Attributes such as altruism, accountability; excellence; duty; honour and integrity; and respect for others.
Define standards of practice
Standards of Practice are grounded in those services and abilities expected of pharmacists as health care professionals.
They are not “laws” but, along with a Code of Ethics, describe the behaviours expected of a practising professional
Pharmacy model of practice
- Providing care
- Knowledge and Expertise
- Communication and Collaboration
- Leadership and Stewardship
- Professionalism
(PKCLP)
Pirates Kill Civilians Love Pirates
Define professionalism
many definitions
attitudes and behaviours that serve to maintain patient interest above self-interest”
Hammer’s Bicycle Wheel Metaphor
The central hub (Values/Attitudes)
Altruism, caring, honor/integrity, duty
Respect, empathy, compassion
The spokes (Behaviours)
Takes responsibility, maintains confidences
The tire (the surface of professionalism)
Professional dress, courtesy, punctuality
Recent version of Hammer’s Bicycle Wheel Model
Hub: fiducial or covenantal relationship between pharmacist and patient (individual or collectively)
Spokes: behaviours expected to arise from a commitment to patients.
Rim: interaction between the performance of various pharmacy activities and the pharmacist’s expressed professional values and behaviours. (how you interact with the pt)
Patient-Centred Professionalism
- Primacy of the Pt
- Provider needs to respect and support the right of the patient to make decisions about what care will be sought and accepted
THE PROVIDER FACILITATES THE PROCESS BASED ON NEEDS AND PREFERENCES OF THE PT
Professionalism Vs. Professional Identity
- professional identity is foundational to the development of professionalism within the individual.
Boundaries between the two are difficult to define, and the effect on one another is continuous and non-linear.
Why professional identity matters?
- Focus still primarily on dispensing
- Lack of a professional identity is seen as an important rate-limiting factor when addressing change to barriers
Apothecary
Highly regarded makers of medicines who combined art and science to care for the people of their communities.