Module 6: Tillage Equipment Flashcards
mechanical manipulation of soil for any desired purpose
tillage
any physical manipulation which changes the structure of the soil, kills weeds, and rearranges dead plant materials (agri perspective)
tillage
objectives of tillage
- develop desirable soil structure for a seedbed
- control weeds, cut roots and bury green materials
- incorporate manure and chem fertilizer
***for wet land conditions
4. turn the soil into a soft “puddle”
5. to form a hard layer which reduces water leaching
desirable soil conditions for a seebed
- higher water infiltration rate
- decreased water surface runoff
- greater water holding capacity
- promote root penetration
tillage classification
- primary tillage (plowing)
- secondary tillage (harrowing)
- general purpose tillage (rotavating)
initial cutting, breaking and usually inversion of the soil
primary tillage
implements used in primary tillage are moldboard, disc and chisel plow and subsoilers cutting soil to a depth of __ inches to __ inches
6 inches to 36 inches
primary tillage terms
unplowed soil
land
primary tillage terms
soil cut, lifted, inverted and thrown to one side of the plow bottom
furrowslice
primary tillage terms
trench or canal left by the furrowslice
furrow
primary tillage terms
raised ridge when two furrowslices overlap each other
backfurrow
primary tillage terms
trench left equal to two furrows when furrow slices are thrown on opposite sides
backfurrow
primary tillage terms
unbroken side of the furrow
furrow wall
sliding implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a layer of soil (furrow slice) to bury surface materials
moldboard plow
one of the oldest and most important agricultural equipment for land preparation
moldboard plow
___________ cuts soil to a depth of 6” to 18”
moldboard plow
basic parts of moldboard plow
- share
- moldboard
- landside
basic parts of moldboard plow
provides the cutting edge of the plow bottom
share
basic parts of moldboard plow
receives the furrowslice from the share; lifts, and inverts and throws it to one side of the plow bottom
moldboard
basic parts of moldboard plow
counteracts the side pressure exerted by the furrow slice on the plow bottom
landside
it is the perpendicular distance between the wing of the share a line connecting the point of the share and the the heel of the landside
size of the moldboard plow bottom
the size of the moldboard plow bottom is also the _______ of _____ of the plow bottom
width of the cut
moldboard plow is bent downward of the point of the share to make the plow penetrate the soil to the proper depth
true or false
true
a _____________ moldboard plow can throw the furrow slice to the left or right of the plow’s direction
reversible
classification of moldboard plow
- animal-drawn moldboard plow
- for 2-wheel tractor
- tractor mounted
- semi-mounted
- trailing
classification of moldboard plow
mounted on the tractor’s three-point linkage and depends upon the tractor for its general operation
tractor-mounted moldboard plow
classification of moldboard plow
the front end is directly connected to the tractor’s three-point linkage and its rear end is supported by furrow and land wheels
semi-mounted moldboard plow
classification of moldboard plow
hitched to the drawbar or lower links of the tractor, supported by two or three wheels and
trailing moldboard plow
primary tillage equipment
implement with individually mounted concave disc blades which cut, partially or completely invert soil slices to bury surface material, and pulverize the soil
disc plow
primary tillage equipment
developed in an effort to reduce friction in the sliding moldboard plow bottom by using a rotating disc plow bottom
disc plow
basic parts of a disc plow
- disc
- scraper
- rear furrow wheel
basic parts of a disc plow
round and concave disc of heat-hardened steel with sharpened edges to cut the soil, it is rotated by the soil during soil cutting
disc
basic parts of a disc plow
curved plate placed on the concave side of the disc to scrape off the soil and throw it on one side of the plow bottom
scraper
basic parts of a disc plow
rear wheel that presses against the furrow wall to resist the side pressure exerted by the soil against the plow
rear furrow wheel
the size of the disc plow bottom also presents the width of cut, however it is influenced by what??
- disc diameter
- depth of cut
- disc angle
disc plow
angle the disc makes with the vertical to make the disc penetrate the soil to the proper (depth 15 – 25 degrees)
tilt angle
disc plow
angle the disc makes with the direction of travel to make the disc cut the proper width and allow the disc to rotate (42 – 45 degrees)
side/disc angle
classification of disc plow
- tractor-mounted disc plow
- tractor-mounted reversible disc plow
- semi-mounted reversible disc plow
classification of disc plow
attached to tractor by three-point hitch linkages and are fully carried by the tractor during transport
tractor-mounted disc plow
classification of disc plow
limited in size (2-4 discs) due to tractor front-end stability and hydraulic lift capacity
tractor-mounted reversible disc plow
classification of disc plow
attached to the tractor’s lower hitch points and is raised/lowered by the tractor hitch as well as a remote hydraulic cylinder on the rear transport wheel
semi-mounted reversible disc plow
plowing patterns
- return plowing
a. gathering plowing
b. casting plowing - round-about plowing
a. plowing from outside
b. plowing from center - one-way plowing
- consecutive plowing
plowing patterns
moves two-way in a longitudal direction
return plowingg
plowing patterns - return plowing
starts at the outer side of the field and furrow slice is turned outward, the furrow is left at the center of the plowed field
casting plowing
plowing patterns - return plow
plowing starts at the center of the field and the furrow slice is turned toward the center, the furrow is left along the outside of the plowed field
gathering plowing
plowing patterns
field is plowed in continuous circuits
round-about plowing
plowing patterns - round-about plowing
small square is first plowed in the same way as gathering plowing, then the circuit proceeds outwards, turning the furrow slice towards the center
plowing from the center
plowing patterns - round-about plowing
it is started at the center and the circuit proceeds inwards, turning the furrow slice toward the outer side
plowing from outside
plowing patterns
the land is plowed in one direction only
one-way plowing
consecutive plowing is suitable for hillside plowing
true or false
false; answer is one-way plowing
plowing patterns
land is plowed in both directions side by side
consecutive plowing
plowing patterns
procedure can be practiced by reversible type, turn-wrest type or symmetric tillage implements such as two-way type driven disc plow
consecutive plowing
force to propel an implement in the direction of travel which is equal and opposite to drawbar bull
draft of plows
determined by the resistance of the soil to tillage operation, the speed of plowing, sharpness of the cutting edge and over-all adjustment of the plow
draft of plows
force required to cut a unit cross-sectional area of soil
specific draft
applied to that part of the total required for turning and pulverizing the furrow slice
increase in draft due to speed
subsequent breaking, pulverization and leveling of the soil making it ready for planting
secondary tillage (harrowing)
secondary tillage equipment
consists of two or more sets of disc gangs cutting the soil to a dept of 3” to 6”
disc harrow
this is made up of a number of discs mounted on a common axle
disc harrow
basic parts of a disc harrow
- disc
- disc gang
- bumper
- bearing
- scraper
- spool
basic parts of a disc harrow
round and concave discs
disc
basic parts of a disc harrow
an assembly of discs all rotating together on a common shaft (3-13 discs gang at 6” to 12” spacing per disc)
disc gang
basic parts of a disc harrow
a washer on one of the common shaft to absorb the end thrust of the gang
bumper
basic parts of a disc harrow
two to three bearings per gang
bearing
classification of disc harrow
- single action disc harrow
- tandem disc harrow
- offset disc harrow
- trailing disc harrow
classification of disc harrow
two gangs of discs place end-to-end which throws the soil in opposite directions
single action disc harrow
classification of disc harrow
consists of two or more gangs, in which a set of two gangs follow behind the front gangs and is arranged in such a way that the discs on the front gangs throw the soil in one direction and the discs on the rear gangs throw the soil in the opposite direction
tandem disc harrow
classification of disc harrow
consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located behind the other at an angle and the harrow is operated in an offset position in relation to the tractor centerline
offset disc harrow
classification of disc harrow
hitched to the drawbar of the tractor and pulled by the tractor
transport wheels can be mechanically or hydraulically actuated
trailing disc harrow
secondary tillage equipment
consists of long rigid spikes clamped or welded to cross bars on a staggered arrangement to attain max stirring and raking of the soil
spike-tooth harrow
in a spike-tooth harrow, the cross bars can be rotated to change the _______ of the teeth
angle
characteristics of spike-tooth harrow
- thoroughly smoothens and compacts the topsoil
- effective in killing weeds that are just starting
- useful in covering broadcasted seeds and in breaking crusts that have formed over newly planted crops
- it can be used to cultivate corn, cotton, and other row crops
secondary tillage equipment
consists of long, flat and curved teeth made from spring steel
spring-tooth harrrow
in a spring-tooth harrrow, the curved teeth are welded to ________ on a staggered arrangement
cross bars
the spring characteristic of a spring-tooth harrrow allows the teeth to?
flex and slide over obstructions
characteristics of spring-tooth harrow
- removes plant growth from the soil without cutting it up
- useful in tearing out the roots and bringing them to the surface
- suitable for use in rough and stony ground
combined primary and secondary tillage in one operation
general-purpose tillage
implements used in general-purpose tillage are __________ and __________ cutting the soil to a depth of up to 6”
rotavators and floating tillers
general-purpose tillage (rotavating)
constructed with a set of cutting knives or tines mounted on a horizontal power-driven shaft rotating at high speed
rotavator
in a rotavator, the knives slice thin sections of the soil and pulverize them by what force?
centrifugal force
a rotavator is suited only for dry land operations
true or false
false; it is suited for both dry and wet land operations
general-purpose tillage (rotavating)
especially designed power tillers for wet land operation fitted with a front-mounted cutting blades on a cagewheel
floating power tiller
basic parts of a disc harrow
straight or curved plate places on the concave side of the disc to scrape off the soil
scraper
basic parts of a disc harrow
flanged tube inserted on the common shaft between two discs to maintain disc spacing
spool
local agmech techs
a power driven multi-purpose machine for land preparation, transport and other applications in the field.
IRRI power tiller
local agmech techs
utilizes two surplus automotive differentials to effect the necessary speed reduction and power transmission
differential hand tractor
