MODULE 6: Tacit Knowledge Capture and Explicit Knowledge Codification

Question 1

organizational learning involves a tension
between assimilating new learning (exploration) and using what has
been learned (exploitation).

Answer 1

Crossan’s 4I Model

Question 2

What are the Crossan’s 4I Model?

Answer 2

Intuitive (Individual Learning)
Interpreting (Individual and Group Learning)
Integrating (Group)
Institutionalizing (Organization)

Question 3

This knowledge creation or capture may be done by individuals who work for the organization or a group within that organization.

Answer 3

Community of Practice (CoP)

Question 4

are essential to knowledge creation, sharing, and retention
within organizations or communities, promoting innovation and
continuous improvement

Answer 4

Community of Practice (CoP)

Question 5

An approach to capturing, organizing, sharing and applying knowledge in ways that align with their unique needs, preferences, and workflows.

Answer 5

Personalized KM (PKM)

Question 6

It centers on personal productivity, learning, and self-improvement.

Answer 6

Personalized KM (PKM)

Question 7

It is the amplification and articulation of individual knowledge at the firm level so that it is internalized into the firm’s knowledge base. (Malhotra, 2000)

Answer 7

Organizational knowledge acquisition

Question 8

An expert system which incorporate know-how gathered from experts and is designed to perform as experts do.

Answer 8

Digital Cloning

Question 9

It was coined by the developers of such systems to refer to various techniques such as structured interviewing, protocol or aloud analysis, questionnaires, surveys, observation, and simulation.

Answer 9

Knowledge acquisition

Question 10

Is knowledge of how to do things, how to make decisions, how to diagnose, and how to prescribe.

Answer 10

Procedural Knowledge

Question 11

Subject or domain experts were usually “sole sources of information whose expertise companies wish to preserve”.

Answer 11

(McGraw and Harrison-Briggs, 1989)

Question 12

What are the three major approaches to knowledge acquisition from individuals and groups (Parsaye, 1988)

Answer 12

Interviewing Experts
Learning by being told
Learning by observation

Question 13

What are the two more popular techniques for optimizing the interviewing of experts?

Answer 13

Structured interviewing
Stories

Question 14

Require strong communication and conceptualization skills. In addition, interviewers need to have a good grasp of the subject matter at hand.

Answer 14

Structured Interviewing

Question 15

What are the two major types of questions used in interviewing?

Answer 15

Open and Closed questions

Question 16

It sets limit on the type, level, and amount of information an expert will provide.

Answer 16

Closed questions

Question 17

tend to be broad and place few constraints on the expert. They are not followed by choices because they are designed to encourage free response.

Answer 17

Open questions

Question 18

What are the four techniques in capturing knowledge

Answer 18

Paraphrasing
Clarifying
Summarizing
Reflecting Feelings

Question 19

is the restating of the perceived meaning of the speaker’s message but using your own words. The goal is to check the accuracy with which the message was conveyed and
understood.

Answer 19

Paraphrasing

Question 20

lets the expert know that the message was not immediately understandable. These responses encourage the expert to elaborate or clarify the original message so that the interviewer gets a better idea of the intended message.

Answer 20

Clarifying

Question 21

helps the interviewer compile discrete pieces of information and form a knowledge acquisition session into a meaningful whole. It also helps confirm that the expert’s message was heard and understood correctly. The summary should be expressed in the worlds of the interviewer.

Answer 21

Summarizing

Question 22

Mirrors back to the speaker the feelings that seem to have been communicated. The main focus is on emotions, attitudes, and reactions, and not on the content itself. The purpose is to clear the air of some emotional reaction or negative impact of the message.

Answer 22

Reflecting feelings

Question 23

The interviewee expresses and refines his or her knowledge, and at the same time, the knowledge manager clarifies and validates the knowledge artifact that renders this knowledge in explicit form.

Answer 23

Learning by being told

Question 24

This form of knowledge acquisition typically involves domain and task analysis, process tracing, and protocol analysis and simulations.

Answer 24

Learning by being told

Question 25

Expertise is a demonstration of the application of knowledge.

Answer 25

Learning by Observation

Question 26

What are the two types of discernible expertise in learning by observation?

Answer 26

Skills or motor based
Cognitive expertise

Question 27

Approach involves presenting the expert with a sample problem, scenario, or case study that the expert then solves.

Answer 27

Learning by observation

Question 28

Is to bring along recording equipment but allow the subject the choice and hand over the controls to them - so they can mute whenever they wish to “speak off the record”

For physical demonstrations, inexpensive digital camcorders are recommended.

For software demonstrations, screen capture movie software that records the action directly from the desktop is recommended.

(Simple equipment and simple techniques)

Answer 28

Happy Medium

Question 29

What are the other methods of tacit knowledge capture?

Answer 29

Ad hoc sessions
Road Maps
Learning histories
Action learning
E-learning
Learning from other through business guest speakers and benchmarking against best practices.

Question 30

Are means of rapidly mobilizing a community of practice or informal profession network to a member’s call for help.

Answer 30

Ad hoc sessions

Question 31

These are usually brainstorming sessions of no more than 30 minutes and can take place as face-to-face meeting or make use of technologies such as instant messaging, e-mail, teleconferencing, and chat rooms.

Answer 31

Ad hoc sessions

Question 32

Are more formal in nature. They tend to be facilitated problem solving meetings that are schedules. convened, and follow an agenda.

Answer 32

Road Maps

Question 33

The objective is to solve day-to-day problems in public forum, which often leads to the development of guidelines and even standards for continuous process improvement within the company.

Answer 33

Road Maps

Question 34

are a very useful means of capturing tacit
knowledge, especially in group settings. They represent a retrospective history of significant events that occurred in the organization’s recent past, as described in the voice of the people who took part in them.

Answer 34

Learning histories

Question 35

What are the learning history process consists of?

Answer 35

Planning
Reflective Interviews
Distillation
Writing
Validation
Dissemination

Question 36

Are typically presented in two side-by-side columns with a narrative in one column and evaluative comments in the other. This allows readers to arrive at their own conclusions.

Answer 36

Learning histories

Question 37

Is based on the fact that people tend to learn by doing.

Answer 37

Action Learning

Question 38

This is a form of task-oriented group work and learning that is well suited for narrow, specialized domains and specific issues.

Answer 38

Action Learning

Question 39

It helps identify better ways of doing business. Other learning sources include attending conferences and expositions and commissioning specific studies.

Answer 39

Benchmarking

Question 40

What are the four major organizational knowledge acquisition processes (Malthorta, 2000)

Answer 40

Grafting
Vicarious learning
Experiential learning
Inferential learning

Question 41

Involves knowledge acquisition within a given firm - that is, knowledge created by doing and practicing.

Answer 41

Experiential knowledge acquisition

Question 42

Involves the refinement and improvement of existing procedures and technologies as opposed to developing new ones (adaptivity for efficiency).

Answer 42

Single-Loop Learning

Question 43

Learning is experimental, deductive learning that seeks to make sense of occurrences and to establish causal links between actions and outcomes.

Answer 43

Double-Loop Learning

Question 44

Learning is experimental, deductive learning that seeks to make sense of occurrences and to establish causal links between actions and outcomes.

Answer 44

Double-Loop Learning

Question 45

What are the five qualities of explicit knowledge codification?

Answer 45

Accuracy
Readability
Understandability
Accessibility
Currency
Authority/ Credibility

Question 46

What are the variety of techniques in explicit knowledge codification?

Answer 46

Cognitive Mapping
Decision Trees
Knowledge Taxonomies
Task Analysis

Question 47

Is a representation of the “mental model” of a person’s knowledge and provides a good form of codified knowledge.

Answer 47

Cognitive or knowledge map

Question 48

Represent concepts and relations in a two-dimensional graphical form, with nodes representing key concepts connected by links representing propositions.

Answer 48

Concept Maps

Question 49

What is another widely used tool for explicit knowledge coding? (Schreiber et al., 2000; Shadbokt, O’Hora, and Crow, 1999)

Answer 49

KADS Methodology