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HUBS192 > Module 6: Reproduction > Flashcards

Module 6: Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

gonads

A

organs where gametes are produced

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2
Q

gametes

A

sex cells

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3
Q

testes produce

A

spermatozoa

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4
Q

ovaries produce

A

oocytes

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5
Q

pelvis is made up of

A

hip bones + sacrum + coccyx

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6
Q

is the pelvic inlet or pelvic outlet open and bigger

A

inlet

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7
Q

false/ greater pelvis

A

superior region, above pelvic inlet, contains GI tract

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8
Q

true/ lesser pelvis

A

inferior region, between inlet and outlet, contains internal reproductive organs

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9
Q

female pelvis is larger due to

A

allowing for space to fit a fetus and birth canal during pregnancy

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10
Q

two muscles of the pelvic floor

A

levator ani and coccygeus

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11
Q

openings in pelvic floor

A

urethra, anal canal and vagina in females

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12
Q

anterior male triangular division

A

urogenital triangle- urethra opening and external genetalia

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13
Q

posterior male triangular division

A

anal triangle- anal canal and fat

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14
Q

function of male reproductive system

A

to produce spermatozoa and transport spermatozoa into female reproductive tract

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15
Q

male reproductive system is made up of

A

testes, reproductive tract, accessory structures and glands

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16
Q

path sperm travel along

A

testes–> epididymis–> ductus (vas) deferens–> ejaculatory duct–> urethra

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17
Q

the scrotum contains

A

two testes, two epididymides, two spermatic cords with ductus deferens

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18
Q

function of testes

A

to produce sperm, testosterone and inhibin

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19
Q

location of testes

A

lie in scrotum outside the body

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20
Q

structure of testes

A

surrounded by dense fibrous capsule

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21
Q

seminiferous tubules are located

A

within the testes

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22
Q

tubules join to form

A

rete testis

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23
Q

interstitial endocrine (Leydig) cells produce

A

testosterone- outside tubules

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24
Q

nurse (Sertoli) cells produce

A

inhibin- inside tubules

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25
Q

spermatogenic cells

A

spermatozoa at various stages of development

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26
Q

epididymis has three regions

A

head, body, tail

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27
Q

function of epididymis

A

site of sperm maturation

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28
Q

structure of ductus deferens

A

covered by smooth muscle and dilates to form the ampulla

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29
Q

Ejaculatory ducts are formed by

A

the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla

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30
Q

function of male urethra

A

urination and ejaculation

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31
Q

three sections of male urethra

A

prostatic, membranous and penile/ spongy

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32
Q

why are the testes house outside the body

A

ideal temp for sperm production is around 34 degrees

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33
Q

what muscle lines the scrotum

A

dartos

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34
Q

cremaster muscle

A

contracts for heat conservation and arousale

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35
Q

spermatic cord contains

A

ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

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36
Q

3 regions to the penis from top to bottom

A

root (bulb), body and glans covered by prepuce/ foreskin

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37
Q

the penis contains three cylindrical erectile tissues

A

two corpus cavernosa and one corpus spongiosum

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38
Q

corpus cavernosa

A

main erectile tissue

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39
Q

corpus spongiosum

A

contains urethra

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40
Q

semen is made up of

A

spermatozoa and seminal fluid

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41
Q

seminal fluid is produced by three glands

A

seminal vesicle, prostate gland and bulbourethral gland

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42
Q

how much semen is produced by seminal vesicles

A

60%

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43
Q

how much semen is produced by prostate gland

A

30%

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44
Q

PSA

A

prostate-specific antigen

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45
Q

function of PSA

A

contributes to sperm activation, viability and motility

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46
Q

how much semen is produced by bulbourethral gland

A

5%

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47
Q

the last 5% of semen is made of what?

A

sperm

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48
Q

what is a vasectomy

A

surgical method of sterilisation in males, cut the ductus deferens

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49
Q

what affect does a vasectomy have on volume of seminal fluid

A

volume of seminal fluid stays the same, the sperm is just removed

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50
Q

gametogenesis

A

formation of the gametes

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51
Q

spermatogenesis

A

formation of spermatozoa from spermatogonia

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52
Q

oogenesis

A

formation of oocytes from oogonia

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53
Q

gametogenesis occurs through

A

meiosis and mitosis

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54
Q

meiosis I

A

2 haploid cells produced from 1 original diploid cell

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55
Q

meiosis II

A

each cell produced from meiosis I divides to produced 2 haploid cells

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56
Q

spermatogenesis occurs in

A

seminiferous tubules

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57
Q

spermatogenesis 1

A

spermatogonia divide by mitosis into 2 daughter cells, one spermatogonium (A) stays at the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule

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58
Q

spermatogenesis 2

A

the second spermatogonia (B) differentiates into a primary spermatocyte which undergoes meiosis I, forms 2 secondary spermatocytes

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59
Q

spermatogenesis 3

A

these undergo meiosis II to form spermatids, these then differentiate into spermatozoa with heat, body and tail via spermiogenesis

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60
Q

Gonadotropin

A

hormone that acts on the gonads

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61
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone produced by hypothalamus

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62
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone (a gonadotropin) produced by the anterior pituitary

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63
Q

FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone (a gonadotropin) produced by the anterior pituitary

64
Q

function of testosterone

A

responsible for the male characteristics

65
Q

negative feedback loop in males

A

LH stimulates production of testosterone, FSH and testosterone control spermatogenesis, FSH stimulate inhibin production, inhibin suppresses FSH and testosterone suppresses LH and GnRH

66
Q

function of the female reproductive system

A

to produce oocytes, transport ova and sperm to the appropriate site for fertilisation and to provide a site for the developing embryo and fetus to grow.

67
Q

the female perineum is located

A

in the region inferior to the pelvic floor and between upper region of the thighs

68
Q

urogenital triangle in females contains

A

external genitalia= vulva

69
Q

anal triangle in females contains

A

anus

70
Q

mons pubis

A

in front of the pubic symphysis

71
Q

labia

A

2 lip-like structures

72
Q

major (labia majora)

A

larger and more lateral

73
Q

minor (labia minora)

A

smaller and more medial

74
Q

space between labia is called

A

vestibule

75
Q

clitoris

A

complex erectile organ

76
Q

clitoris contains

A

glans, body, crura (2), bulbs (2)

77
Q

structures in the female reproductive tract

A

ovary, uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina

78
Q

most lateral part of the uterine tube

A

infundibulum

79
Q

mid portion of uterine tube

A

ampulla

80
Q

most medial portion of uterine tube

A

isthmus

81
Q

layers of the uterus from outermost to innermost

A

perimetrium, myometrium and endometrium

82
Q

what is perimetrium made from

A

connective tissue

83
Q

what is myometrium made from

A

smooth muscle (thickest layer)

84
Q

what is endometrium made from

A

columnar epithelium, uterine glands and arteries

85
Q

layers of the cervix from outermost to innermost

A

external os, cervical canal, internal os

86
Q

function of the cervix

A

provides passage between uterine cavity and vagina and produces cervical mucus

87
Q

blood supply to ovaries

A

ovarian artery

88
Q

blood supply to uterus

A

uterine artery

89
Q

blood supply to vagina

A

vaginal arteries

90
Q

spiral arteries are

A

uterine arteries

91
Q

the main site of blood loss during periods are

A

the spiral arteries

92
Q

the outer cortex of the ovary contains

A

follicles

93
Q

the inner medulla of the ovary contains

A

connective tissue, blood/ lymphatic vessels and nerves

94
Q

the ligaments of the female reproductive system are

A

broad ligament, ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament and round ligament

95
Q

function of peritoneum

A

fold and press over structures to create other ligaments

96
Q

mesometrium means

A

of the womb

97
Q

mesosalpinx means

A

of the tube

98
Q

mesovarium means

A

of the ovary

99
Q

vesicouterine pouch

A

continuous fold of broad ligament (visceral peritoneum) over anteriorly located bladder

100
Q

rectouterine pouch

A

continuous fold of broad ligament (visceral peritoneum) over posteriorly located rectum

101
Q

function of breasts

A

nourish infants

102
Q

what hormones stimulate development of breast tissue

A

estradiol and progesterone

103
Q

structures of the breasts

A

lobes–> lobules–> alveoli–> lactiferous ducts–> lactiferous sinuses

104
Q

where do oocytes develop

A

within ovarian follicles (1 oocyte per follicle)

105
Q

oogenesis- before birth

A

oogonium in gonad, population increase by mitosis (stop before birth). Oogonia differentiate to form primary oocytes which then start meiosis which halts at prophase one until puberty

106
Q

primary oocytes are in encased in what

A

primordial follicle

107
Q

oogenesis- from menarche till menopause

A

under GnRH influence small number of follicles are recruited for ovarian/menstrual cycle. only one oocyte completes development within dominant follicle. this completes meiosis I forming a secondary oocyte and 1st polar body. this then starts meiosis II and halts at metaphase II until fertilisation

108
Q

most primary oocytes undergo what

A

atresia

109
Q

atresia is

A

the process of degradation

110
Q

follicles are multi layered

A

granulosa cells and theca cells

111
Q

granulosa cells produce

A

estradiol

112
Q

ovulation

A

oocyte and corona radiata released into peritoneal cavity

113
Q

GnRH (hypothalamus)

A

release of FSH and LH

114
Q

FSH (anterior pituitary)

A

stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles

115
Q

LH (anterior pituitary)

A

surge of LH involved in ovulation, formation of corpus luteum

116
Q

Estradiol (developing follicles)

A

assists follicle growth with FSH and female characteristics

117
Q

Inhibin (granulosa cells)

A

negative feedback to anterior pituitary to suppress FSH

118
Q

Progesterone (corpus luteum)

A

negatively feeds back to suppress GnRH (therefore LH and FSH), maintains pregnant state

119
Q

ovarian/ menstrual cycles

A

the regular cyclic changes in the ovary and uterus that prepare an oocyte/ ova for fertilisation and the endometrium for embryo implantation

120
Q

follicular phase (preovulatory phase) happens within

A

days 1-14

121
Q

luteal phase (postovulatory phase) happens within

A

days 15-28

122
Q

follicular phase

A
  • increased FSH from the anterior pituitary
  • stimulates follicular growth
  • growing follicles secrete estradiol and inhibin
  • reduced FSH from anterior pituitary
  • growing follicles undergo atresia except dominant follicle
  • dominant follicle secretes large amounts of estradiol
  • high estradiol stimulates surge of LH
  • follicle ruptures and ovulation occurs
  • oocyte enters peritoneal space/collected into uterine tube
123
Q

luteal phase

A
  • ovulated follicle collapses and forms corpus luteum
  • secretes progesterone, estradiol and inhibin
  • these decrease FSH and LH secretion
  • negative feedback on hypothalamus
  • if fertilisation and implantation does not occur the corpus luteum involutes
  • fall in progesterone and estradiol
  • removes negative feedback on FSH and LH
124
Q

menstrual and proliferative phase happens

A

days 1-14

125
Q

secretory phase happens

A

days 15-28

126
Q

menstrual and proliferative phase

A
  • endometrium breaks down and bleeds during menstruation
  • estradiol stimulates endometrial growth from days 6-14
  • rapid tissue growth inclduing growth of glands and vasculature
127
Q

secretory phase

A
  • after ovulation corpus luteum secretes progesterone
  • progesterone promotes endometrial maturation
  • glands become secretory
  • spiral arterioles grow and coil
128
Q

secretory phase back to menstrual phase

A

if fertilisation and implantation do not occur;

  • corpus luteum artophies.
  • progesterone levels fall
  • spiral arteries contract
  • endometrial tissue breaks down and bleeding occurs
  • shed tissue and blood removed via cervix and vagina
129
Q

coitus

A

sexual intercourse

130
Q

process of coitus

A

semen released into upper part of vagina so that sperm can travel to appropriate site for fertilisation

131
Q

stages of the male sexual act

A

erection of the penis (parasympathetic), mucus secretion into urethra, ejaculation and resolution

132
Q

stages of ejaculation

A

emission and expulsion

133
Q

nerve supply of the penis

A

richly supplied by sensory and motor nerves

134
Q

pudendal nerve supplies

A

sensory and somatic motor innervation to perineum and external genitalia including penis

135
Q

parasympathetic (erection)

A

stimulates production of Nitric oxide (vasodilator) by deep arteries of the penis

136
Q

sympathetic (ejaculation)

A

stimulates contraction of smooth muscle

137
Q

somatic motor (ejaculation)

A

stimulates contraction of skeletal muscles around bulb of penis

138
Q

erection

A

-parasympathetic response to stimuli allows arteries to dilate , erectile tissue becomes engorged with blood

139
Q

intromission

A

erect penis entering vagina

140
Q

emission

A

sympathetic response of smooth muscle and ductus deferens contracting to move sperm into ampulla allowing it to be moved with seminal fluid into urethra

141
Q

expulsion

A

semen in urethra activates somatic sympathetic reflexes and the urethral smooth muscle and pelvic floor contracts so semen is ejected

142
Q

resolution

A

blood flow to penis is reduced and penis becomes flaccid

143
Q

stages of the female sexual act

A

are similar to males as the clitoris gets engorged with blood in response to stimuli, lubricating fluid is secreted, the vagina becomes wider and longer and the vaginal, uterine and perineal muscles contract

144
Q

insemination

A

semen released into upper part of vagina

145
Q

ampulla

A

site of fertilization

146
Q

contraception

A

any method to prevent pregnancy

147
Q

natural methods include

A

periodic abstinence (rhythm method), withdrawal method (coitus interruptus) and lactational infertility

148
Q

artificial methods include

A

barrier, hormonal, intrauterine devices and sterilisation

149
Q

which contraception method has highest failure rate

A

natural methods

150
Q

barrier methods include

A

caps, diaphragms and condoms

151
Q

hormonal methods include

A

combined oral contraceptive pills, progestin-only contraception (implants and IUDs)

152
Q

IUD methods include

A

copper IUD and hormonal IUD

153
Q

sterilisation involves

A

tubal ligation (females) and vasectomy (males)

154
Q

the only contraceptive that prevents STIs is

A

condoms

155
Q

what is the copper IUD toxic to

A

oocyte and zygote

HUBS192 (6 decks)

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