Module 3: Respiratory system Flashcards
What is the role of the respiratory system?
Connected organs and structures that function to conduct warm, clean, moist air into close proximity with blood of the circulatory system for gas exchange.
To be effective the respiratory system needs…
- surface for gas exchange.
- a path for air to flow.
- ability to draw breath in and out.
- produce sound and olfaction.
URT stands for…
upper respiratory tract
LRT stands for…
lower respiratory tract
main components of the respiratory system are…
URT, LRT, thoracic cavity and respiratory muscles
Function of nasal cavity…
olfaction
function of oral cavity…
passage for air and food
function of conduction region…
nasal cavity to bronchioles, also ensure air is warm, clean and moist
function of respiratory region…
alveoli and sites of gas exchange
epithelial of where air and food travel
stratified epithelium
epithelial of site of gas exchange
simple squamous
respiratory epithelium is…
psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
goblet cells produce…
mucus
function of mucus
traps debris and moistens air
ciliated cells…
move in a pattern to push mucus towards pharaynx.
components of URT
nose/nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
pharynx
functions of URT
conducting passage
prepares air for gas exchange
olfaction
paranasale sinuses
three projections of the conchae from top to bottom
superior, middle, inferior conchae
epithelium of conchae
respiratory
the epithelium of the nasal mucosa sits on
lamina propria
functions of the paranasal sinuses
lighten skull
increased surface area
sound resonance
three regions of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
nasopharynx carries
air
oropharynx carries
air and food
laryngopharynx carries
air and food
epithelium of oropharynx
stratified squamous epithelium
epithelium of laryngopharynx
stratified squamous epithelium
laryngopharynx starts and ends
beginning of esophagus to digestive tract
oropharynx starts and ends
soft palate to hyoid bone
nasopharynx starts and ends
posterior nares to soft palate
components of LRT
larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli
functions of the LRT
conduct air to/from site of gas exchange
completes cleaning/warming/humidifying of air
provides a barrier between air and blood
larynx is a passageway for
air only
larynx starts and ends
hyoid bone to trachea
glottis is
voice box
trachea starts and ends
larynx and primary bronchi
function of trachea
maintain patent airway
function of mucocilary escalator
removes debris to the pharynx
how many lobes in right lung?
3
how many lobes in left lung
2
what is the hilum
where bronchi and blood vessels enter
epithelium of trachea
respiratory epithelium
epithelium of primary bronchi
respiratory epithelium
epithelium of secondary and tertiary bronchi
respiratory and reduce in height and goblet cells
epithelium of bronchioles
cuboidal
epithelial of type 1 pneumocytes
squamous
epithelial of type 2 pneumocytes
cuboidal
function of type 1 pneumocytes
forms the respiratory membrane/blood-air barrier with capillary wall and shared basement membrane
function of type 2 pneumocytes
secrete surfactant that reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid
function of macrophage
remove debris that makes it to alveoli
visceral layer of secretory tissue is on the
organ
parietal layer of secretory tissue is on the
body
thoracic cavity contains
pericardium and pleura
abdominopelvic cavity contrains
peritoneum
the thoracic cavity is protected by
the thoracic cage
mediastinum contains
heart, vessels and pericardium
pleural cavity contains
lungs
anterior boundary of thoracic cavity
sternum
posterior boundary of thoracic cavity
thoracic vertebrae
lateral boundary of thoracic cavity
Ribs
superior boundary of thoracic cavity
base of neck
inferior boundary of thoracic cavity
diaphragm
layers of thoracic cavity from outermost to innermost
parietal pleura, pleural cavity, visceral pleura
pressure is ____ to volume
inversely proportional
Boyle’s Law
P=1/V
Smaller space=
more collisions
larger space=
less collisions
air moves from
higher pressures to lower pressures
pressure gradient between breaths
pressure inside cavity= pressure outside cavity
increased volume
air flows in
decreased volume
air flows out
sternocostal joints are
in between sternum and ribs
costochondral joints are
in between ribs and cartilage
interchondral joints are
in between cartilage
the diaphragm is ___ when relaxed
dome shaped
the diaphragm is ___ when contracted
flattened
contraction has what affect on thoracic cavity
expansion
contractions has what affect on abdominopelvic cavity
compression
function of accessory muscles
increase cavity volume for forced inspiration
decrease cavity volume for forced expiration
expiration is a ____ process
passive
Liquids are usually quantified in terms of
volume
gases are usually quantified in terms of
pressure
Resistance to blood flow equation
R= 1/ R^4
A spirometer measures
volume inspired/expired
Tidal Volume
VT- volume of air moved in and out during normal quiet breath
inspiratory reserve volume
IRV- extra volume that can be inspired with maximal inhalation
Expiratory reserve volume
ERV- extra volume that can be exhaled with maximal effort
residual volume
remaining volume in lungs after maximal exhalation
minimal volume
volume remaining in lungs if they collapse
vital capacity=
inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve + tidal volume
total lung capacity=
vital capacity + residual volume
inspiratory capacity=
inspiratory reservve + tidal volume
functional residual capacity=
expiratory reserve + residual volume
vital capacity is
volume of air you can shift in and out of your lungs
total lung capacity is
total volume in lungs when you’ve filled them to max
inspiratory capacity is
total volume of air you can inspire from rest
functional residual capacity is
volume remaining in lungs after normal exhalation
forced expiratory volume in one second=
FEV1
obstructive means
resistance to air flow ie. asthma
restrictive means
reduced lung capacity ie. reduced lung compliance
Respiratory minute volume (VE)=
tidal volume (VT) x Respiratory rate (f)
Alveolar ventilation (VA)=
(tidal volume (VT)- dead space (VD)) x respiratory rate (f)
oxygen moves from
alveoli to capillaries
carbon dioxide moves from
capillaries to alveoli
what determines the rate of diffusion
surface area of the membranes
thickness of the membranes
pressure differences between the two sides
Emphysema is
a disease characterised by dilation of the alveolar spaces and destruction of the alveolar walls
Pulmonary fibrosis is
thickening and scarring of the alveolar membranes
oxygen is carried into the blood in which two forms
- dissolved O2
2. bound to haemoglobin in RBCs
What element is used to bind oxygen to haemoglobin
Fe2+
Haemoglobin can bind ____ oxygen molecules
four
Relationship of haem to oxygen binding is
sigmoidal
a sigmoidal relationship is shown due to
cooperative binding of oxygen molecules
cooperative binding is
when the binding of one oxygen molecules allows for more to bind more rapidly
higher temperature ____ oxygen affinity
reduces
lower pH ____ oxygen affinity
increases
CO2 can be transported in 3 forms
- dissolved in plasma
- bound to haemoglobin
- converted to bicarbonate
baroreceptors are
blood pressure sensors
chemoreceptors
control CO2 balance
If arterial blood pressure decreases
air flow increases, i
if arterial blood pressure increases
air flow decreases
