Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HUBS192 > Module 5: Renal/Urinary system > Flashcards

Module 5: Renal/Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

how much percent of males is water

A

60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how much percent of females is water

A

55%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

extracellular fluid makes how much of TBW

A

1/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

intracellular fluid makes how much of TBW

A

2/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how much blood flows through the kidneys every minute

A

1200mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how much urine does a person produce daily

A

800-2000mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is urine

A

waste product excreted to maintain balance within the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what makes up normal urine

A

water, salts, metabolites and small proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is found in abnormal urine

A

large proteins, RBCs, glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

main components of the urinary system are

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the structure of the kidney allows for

A

blood to be brought in close proximity to the nephron for filtering, allows blood to leave the kidney and a pathway for urine to be stored and excreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where are the kidneys located

A

between T12-L3 vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what passes through the hilum

A

blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves and ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what gland sits on top of the kidney

A

adrenal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

retroperitoneal means

A

located on posterior abdominal wall covered on anterior side by peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

three regions of the kidney

A

cortex, medulla and pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the protective layer of the kidney

A

fibrous capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the inner medullar is divided

A

into pyramids and each pyramid ends in a papilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the outer cortex is

A

a continuous layer and contains renal columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how many lobes are in each kidney

A

5-11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

a kidney lobe contains

A

one pyramid and all the cortex that surrounds it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

kidney lobes are mainly made from

A

approx 1 million nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

function of nephrons

A

filter blood and create urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

urine travels–>

A

papilla–> minor calyx–> major calyx–> renal pelvis–> ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

function of afferent arteriole in nephron

A

deliver blood from the arteries to the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the glomerulus made of and what is it function

A

glomerular capillaries and is the site of filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

function of efferent arteriole in nephron

A

carries blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

function of peritubular capillaries

A

allow us to change our mind of what we want filtered and reabsorb stuff we want back in the blood which carry blood to veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

flow of blood from the cortex to be filtered

A

abdominal aorta–> renal artery–> series of arteries–> afferent arteriole–> glomerular capillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

flow of blood away from the cortex after being filtered

A

glomerular capillary–> efferent capillary–> peritubular capillaries–> series of veins–> renal vein–> inferior vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

nerve supply in kidneys

A

innervation is from a network of autonomic nerves and ganglia called the renal plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

nephron is

A

microscopic functional unit of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

renal corpuscle

A

where blood and nephron meet/ site of filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

close to renal corpuscle and wiggly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

nephron loop

A

loop at bottom of nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

further away from renal corpuscle and wiggly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

collecting duct

A

runs down and papilla’s connect to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

types of nephron

A

cortical and juxtamedullary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what nephron is the most abundent

A

cortical (85%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

where do cortical nephrons mainly lie

A

cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

function of juxtamedullary nephron

A

extend deep into medulla and are important for the formation of concentrated urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

each nephron is comprised of

A

a glomerular capsule, renal tubules and a collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

structure of glomerular capillaries

A

thin walled single layer of fenestrated endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what are vasa recta and where are they found

A

extensions that follow nephron loop deep into the medulla only found within juxamedullary nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

the renal corpuscle contains

A

glomerulus enclosed by the glomerular capsule and is where capillary and nephron meet and is the site of filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

two layers of the glomerular capsule

A

outer parietal layer of simple squamous cells and inner visceral layer of podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

podocytes

A

surround the glomerular capillaries which have branches called pedicels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

function of pedicels

A

filtration slits that filter blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

filtration barrier is also known as

A

the blood-urine barrier or glomerular capsular membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what does the blood-urine barrier allow free passage of

A

water and small molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what does the filtration barrier restrict passage of

A

proteins and RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

three layers of the filtration barrier from blood side to nephron side

A

fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary, fused basement membrane and filtration slits between the pedicels of the podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

urine=

A

filtered- reabsorbed + secreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

function of PCT

A

bulk reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

structure of PCT

A

cuboidal epithelial, dense microvilli, highly folded basolateral mitochondria and leaky epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

function of nephron loop

A

length is important in production of dilute/ concentrated urine

57
Q

structure of thick descending limb

A

like PCT

58
Q

structure of thin descending limb

A

simple squamous epithelium

59
Q

structure of thin ascending limb

A

simple squamous epithelium

60
Q

structure of thick ascending limb

A

like DCT

61
Q

function of DCT

A

fine tuning- not bulk reabsorption

62
Q

structure of DCT

A

cuboidal epithelium but thinner than PCT, few microvilli, few mitochondria

63
Q

reabsorption in DCT is regulated by

A

aldosterone

64
Q

function of collecting duct

A

fine tuning- filtrate from several DCTs drain into one collecting duct

65
Q

structure of collecting duct

A

wall of simple cuboidal epithelium, principal cells, intercalated cells

66
Q

principal cells

A

reabsorption

67
Q

intercalated cells

A

acid/base balance

68
Q

reabsorption in collecting duct is regulated by

A

ADH and aldosterone

69
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

specialised zone in every nephron

70
Q

where is the JGA located

A

where DCT lies against afferent arteriole

71
Q

Macula densa cells

A

chemoreceptors detect sodium levels

72
Q

juxtaglomerular cells

A

mechanoreceptors detect stretch therefore blood pressure

73
Q

transitional epithelium

A

stratified, round cells which flatten when stretched

74
Q

function of transitional epithelium

A

protection

75
Q

how is urine moved into bladder

A

peristaltic waves

76
Q

three layers of ureter from inner to outer

A

transitional epithelium, muscularis (inner longitudinal and outer circular), adventitia

77
Q

transitional epithelium

A

found anywhere that needs extra protection

78
Q

adventitia

A

outer covering of fibrous connective tissue

79
Q

ureters can act as a ___ : compressed by ___ bladder pressure to prevent ___

A

sphincter; increased; backflow

80
Q

function of bladder

A

collapsible muscular sac that stores and expels urine

81
Q

ureters

A

carry urine from kidneys to bladder

82
Q

bladder wall

A

contains muscle for expulsion of urine

83
Q

rugae

A

folds that allow bladder to expand

84
Q

trigone

A

triangular region between 2 openings of entry of ureters and 1 opening for urethra

85
Q

urethra

A

carries urine out of bladder

86
Q

description of empty bladder

A

pyramidal and lies within the pelvis

87
Q

description of filling–> full bladder

A

becomes more spherical and expands superiorly

88
Q

location of bladder in males

A

anterior to rectum and superior to prostate gland

89
Q

location of bladder in females

A

anterior to vagina and uterus

90
Q

thick smooth muscle layer in bladder

A

detrusor

91
Q

urethra epithelium changes

A

transitional near bladder, columnar then stratified squamous near external opening

92
Q

internal urethral sphincter

A

junction of bladder and urethra, involuntary

93
Q

externa urethral sphincter

A

located where urethra passes through the urogenital diaphragm, voluntary control

94
Q

urination

A

bladder fills with urine and expands, AP from stretch receptors to brain, signal increases with urgency, internal sphincter relaxes we need to consciously relax external sphincter

95
Q

glucose in urine is a signal of

A

diabetes

96
Q

protein in urine is a signal of

A

broken filtration barrier

97
Q

blood in urine is a signal of

A

UTI

98
Q

kidney failure/ disease

A

hyperkalaemia

99
Q

what is the main buffer of the blood neutralising acids from metabolism

A

bicarbonate

100
Q

how is bicarbonate concentration controlled

A

by the lungs exhaling CO2 and kidneys reabsorbing bicarbonate and secreting hydrogen ions

101
Q

filtration in nephron

A

creates a plasma-like filtrate of blood

102
Q

reabsorption in nephron

A

removes useful solutes from the filtrate and returns them back to the blood

103
Q

secretion in nephron

A

adds additional wastes from the blood to the filtrate

104
Q

four forces/ pressures determining net filtration pressure

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure, blood colloid osmotic pressure, capsular hydrostatic pressure, capsular colloid osmotic pressure

105
Q

favouring forces are

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure, blood colloid osmotic pressure

106
Q

opposing forces are

A

capsular hydrostatic pressure, capsular colloid osmotic pressure

107
Q

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

A

blood pressure (+50mmHg)

108
Q

blood colloid osmotic pressure

A

albumin (-25mmHg)

109
Q

capsular hydrostatic pressure

A

corpuscle embedded in tissues (-15mmHg)

110
Q

capsular colloid osmotic pressure

A

no protein in capsular space (0mmHg)

111
Q

net filtration pressure

A

(10mmHg)

112
Q

clearance of a substance

A

S

113
Q

Clearance =

A

concentration of S in urine x volume of urine produced per unit time / concentration of S in plasma

114
Q

Cs=

A

Us x V / Ps (mL/min)

115
Q

GFR

A

glomerular filtration rate

116
Q

GFR is

A

the amount of fluid filtered per unit time

117
Q

Inulin

A

polysaccharide not metabolised by body-sugar–> not found in body but has to be injected

118
Q

Creatinine

A

waste product produced by muscles already in body so most commonly used clinically

119
Q

plasma creatinine is low if

A

both kidneys are working

120
Q

plasma makes up how much of the ECF

A

1/5

121
Q

interstitial fluid makes up how much of the ECF

A

4/5

122
Q

tonicity is based on

A

the effect of the solution on cells

123
Q

how much of sodium chloride foes back into blood

A

99%

124
Q

how much sodium reabsorption occurs in the PCT

A

67%

125
Q

how much sodium reabsorption occurs in the TAL

A

25%

126
Q

how much sodium reabsorption occurs in the DCT

A

5%

127
Q

how much sodium reabsorption occurs int he CD

A

3%

128
Q

water is reabsorbed in the

A

thick descending limb

129
Q

in a hypertonic solution cells

A

shrivel

130
Q

in an isotonic solution cells

A

remain the normal shape

131
Q

in a hypotonic solution cells

A

swell

132
Q

hormone released from posterior pituitary

A

ADH

133
Q

ADH synthesis

A

in cell body of central neurons (hypothalamus) , axonal transport to posterior pituitary

134
Q

ADH release

A

in posterior pituitary and into bloodstream

135
Q

major stimuli for release of ADH

A

increased ECF osmolarity and decreased blood volume

136
Q

obligatory water reabsorption

A

not regulated, accounts for 92% of total water reabsorption

137
Q

facultative water reabsorption

A

tight epithelia, only transcellular, regulated by ADH, accounts for 2-8% of total water reabsorption

138
Q

diuresis

A

large amount of urine

139
Q

antidiuresis

A

not a lot of urine produced

HUBS192 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions