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hubs192 > Module 2: Cardiovascular system and blood > Flashcards

Module 2: Cardiovascular system and blood Flashcards

1
Q

endothelial cells are

A

epithelial cells within the cardiovascular system

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2
Q

blood vascular system is

A

a closed supply and drainage system (continuous)

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3
Q

lymphatic vascular system is

A

an open entry drainage system (one way)

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4
Q

red blood is

A

oxygenated

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5
Q

blue blood is

A

deoxygenated

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6
Q

purple represents

A

gas exchange

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7
Q

green represents

A

lymphatics

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8
Q

arteries carry blood

A

away from the heart

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9
Q

veins carry blood

A

towards the heart

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10
Q

pulmonary circuit involves

A

the heart and lungs

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11
Q

systemic circuit involves

A

the body (excluding the lungs) and the heart

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12
Q

why are major arteries situated deep (next to bone)

A

as protection to avoid being damaged

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13
Q

how many arteries feed important structures

A

2

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14
Q

role of capillaries

A

exchange network

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15
Q

three types of capillaries

A

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal

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16
Q

what is the leakiness like in continuous capillaries

A

controlled/ tight

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17
Q

what is the leakiness like in fenestrated capillaries

A

leaky

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18
Q

what is the leakiness like in fenestrated capillaries

A

very leaky

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19
Q

deep veins run antiparallel to what structure

A

arteries

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20
Q

superficial veins are

A

large veins as they are low pressure and low velocity so easy to clot

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21
Q

the cross sectional area of veins is how much greater than arteries

A

twice

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22
Q

veins are ___ pressure, ___ volume structures

A

low; high

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23
Q

arteries are ___ pressure ___ volume structures

A

high; low

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24
Q

blood in=

A

blood out

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25
Q

shape of the heart

A

blunt, cone-shaped

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26
Q

apex of the heart

A

pointed end, situated on approx 5th rib (midclavical)

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27
Q

base of heart

A

broad end, tilted towards neck

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28
Q

the heart is the size of

A

a closed fist

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29
Q

how much of the heart sits to the left

A

2/3

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30
Q

what valve separates the right atrium and right ventricle

A

tricuspid AV valve

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31
Q

what valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle

A

bicuspid AV valve

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32
Q

what valve separates the pulmonary artery and right ventricle

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

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33
Q

what valve separates the aorta and left ventricle

A

aortic semilunar valve

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34
Q

what separates the two ventricles

A

interventricular septum

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35
Q

blood flows from ___ to ___ in the heart

A

atrium; ventricle

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36
Q

function of valves

A

to prevent backflow of blood from the direction it came from

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37
Q

endocardium is

A

the innermost layer of the heart

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38
Q

myocardium is

A

the middle layer of the heart differing in thickness

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39
Q

epicardium is

A

outer layer of the heart

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40
Q

endothelium of the endocardium

A

squamous

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41
Q

endocardium contains

A

loose irregular fibrous connective tissue, blood vessels and Purkinje (electrical conduction) fibres

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42
Q

what side of myocardium is the thickest

A

right is 3x thicker than due to higher pressure

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43
Q

epicardium contains

A

visceral pericardium, blood vessels, loose irregular adipose

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44
Q

pericardium contains three layers outermost to innermost

A

parietal pericardium, pericardial fluid, visceral pericardium

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45
Q

function of AV valve

A

prevent blood returning to atria during ventricular contraction

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46
Q

loading the chambers up with blood is

A

diastole

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47
Q

in diastole the AV valves are ___ and the semilunar valves are ___

A

open; closed

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48
Q

pressure is going up the chamber is

A

systole

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49
Q

in systole the AV valves are ___ and the semilunar valves are___

A

closed; closed

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50
Q

function of semilunar valves

A

prevent blood returning to ventricles during diastole

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51
Q

chordae tendineae

A

act as parachute chords acting so the valve leaflet doesn’t slam shut and flick through to the other side

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52
Q

papillary muscle

A

attach to the chordae tendeae stopping valve slamming

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53
Q

position of the right coronary artery

A

runs the epicardial groove between right atrium and right ventricle, over surface layer of heart wall

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54
Q

function of right coronary artery

A

supplying ventricular wall of right ventricle

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55
Q

position of left coronary artery

A

runs behind pulmonary artery forms a short left coronary artery and then branches to form the anterior interventricular artery.

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56
Q

position of interventricular artery

A

runs over the anterior surface of the heart over the interventricular septum

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57
Q

function of left coronary artery/ interventricular artery

A

supplying left ventricle

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58
Q

more muscle on the left side of the heart means the right need a ___ blood supply

A

lesser

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59
Q

great cardiac veins are on what side of the heart

A

left

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60
Q

function of small and great cardiac veins

A

draining into coronary sinus

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61
Q

small cardiac veins are on what side of the heart

A

right

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62
Q

the coronary sinus drains into

A

the right atrium

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63
Q

what type of blood does the right atrium contain

A

deoxygenated

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64
Q

myocardium is another name for

A

cardiac muscle

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65
Q

lots of capillaries around cardiac muscle suggest

A

it needs a oxygen rich blood supply

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66
Q

the myocardium contains

A

all 3 types of muscle

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67
Q

function of myocardium

A

allows the heart to beat continuously

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68
Q

intercalated discs are found in what muscle type

A

cardiac

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69
Q

the presence and position of nuclei in cardiac muscle are

A

centred and around 1-2 nuclei per cell

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70
Q

the sarcomeres in cardiac muscle are

A

irregular and branched

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71
Q

adhesion belts

A

link actin to actin- vertical

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72
Q

desmosomes

A

link cytokeratin with cytokeratin

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73
Q

gap junctions

A

electrochemical communicator- horizontal

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74
Q

function of adhesion belts

A

propagate contractions between cells keeping them in sync

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75
Q

function of desmosomes

A

keep cells together due to the force of tugging

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76
Q

function of gap junctions

A

help with the synchronisation of contractions

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77
Q

function of autonomic nerves

A

alter the rate of conduction impulse generation

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78
Q

function of conduction system of the heart

A

coordination of heart contractions and of AV valve action

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79
Q

SA node

A

little cluster of cells which generate APs which can be increased by sympathetic nerves or decreased by parasympathetic nerves.

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80
Q

SA node is also known as the

A

rate/ pace maker

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81
Q

Internodal pathways

A

electrical signal passes through these around the chambers when we leave the atrial chambers and get towards the ventricles these unit to a single point

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82
Q

AV node

A

single point where internodal pathways lead this the gate keeper from the atrium to the ventricles

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83
Q

Av node goes into

A

AV bundle

84
Q

AV bundle goes into

A

right and left bundle branches in the ventricles

85
Q

Purkinje fibres

A

little branches but these are modified cardiac muscle NOT nervous tissue

86
Q

Ascending means

A

going up

87
Q

Descending means

A

going down

88
Q

longest vein in the body is

A

great saphenous vein

89
Q

three layered wall of blood vessels from outermost to innermost

A

tunica adventitia (externa), tunica media, tunica (layer) intima

90
Q

3 layers of tunica intima

A

endothelium, sub-endothelium, internal elastic lamina

91
Q

endothelium of tunica intima

A

a simple squamous epithelium which lines the lumen of all vessels

92
Q

sub-endothelium is

A

a sparse pad of loose FCT cushioning the endothelium

93
Q

Internal elastic lamina

A

a condensed sheet of elastic tissue.

94
Q

which layer of blood vessels is thickest in arteries compared to veins

A

media

95
Q

which layer of the tunica intima is the thickest in arteries compared to veins

A

internal elastic lamina

96
Q

tunica media is

A

smooth muscle

97
Q

the thickness of tunica media is proportional to

A

both vessel diameter and blood pressure

98
Q

tunica adventitia is

A

loose FCT with a high content of collagen and variable amount of elastin

99
Q

what is contained within the tunica adventitia in larger vessels

A

vasa vasorum

100
Q

vasa vasorum is

A

blood vessels to provide the organ system

101
Q

function of arteriole

A

the resistance vessels of the circulation determine blood pressure

102
Q

function of capillaries

A

site of exchange between blood and tissues

103
Q

function of venules

A

start of the collecting (drainage system)

104
Q

what is a specialised feature of veins

A

they have spare capacity so can hold extra blood which pools in legs due to gravity

105
Q

what layer of the vein is the thickest

A

adventitia

106
Q

varicose veins are

A

when the valves stop working properly and blood can drop all the way back down to your feet.

107
Q

the river to lake analogy refers to

A

arterioles to capillary

108
Q

the diameter of a capillary is the same size as

A

a red blood cell

109
Q

the almost identical diameter sizes in RBCs and capillaries allows for

A

the shortest gas exchange optimising this

110
Q

the terminal arteriole is

A

the last arteriole before hitting a capillary bed

111
Q

the post capillary venule

A

drains the capillary bed

112
Q

pre capillary sphincters can

A

constrict and stop flow into capillary bed but go straight through the post capillary bed this is called shunting

113
Q

the structure of capillaries

A

varies according to the rate of exchange needed, and how controlled the exchange must be

114
Q

the most common type of capillary is

A

continuous

115
Q

epithelial of continuous capillaries

A

form a complete barrier

116
Q

small molecules can move through

A

fenestrated capillaries

117
Q

all molecules smaller than RBCs can pass through gaps in

A

sinusoidal capillaries

118
Q

layers of capillary outermost to innermost

A

basement membrane, endothelial layer (tunica intima), intercellular cleft

119
Q

continuous capillaries are found

A

in skeletal and cardiac muscle

120
Q

fenestrated capillaries are found

A

in glomerulus in kidney and small intestine

121
Q

sinusoidal capillaries are found in

A

the liver

122
Q

sinusoidal capillaries have an incomplete

A

basement membrane and interceullar gaps in intercellular cleft

123
Q

functions of the lymphatic system

A

drains excess tissue fluid and plasma proteins from tissues and returns them to the blood. it also filters foreign material.

124
Q

structure of lymphatics

A

commence as large, blind ending capillaries

125
Q

function of lacteals

A

drain fat-laden lymph into a collecting vessel called the cisterna chyli

126
Q

left hand side of the body and the lower body lymph fluid is drained

A

into the thoracic duct and then into the left subclavian vein

127
Q

right hand side of the body is drained into

A

the right lymphatic duct and drains into the right subclavian vein

128
Q

both the left and right subclavian veins join into which structure

A

vena cava

129
Q

only on directional flow along the pathway

A

afferent to efferent

130
Q

blood flow in the body is

A

deoxygenated into right atrium into right ventricle through lungs to oxygenate it back through the left atrium into the left ventricle through to all other organs

131
Q

actin

A

thin filament

132
Q

myosin

A

thick filament

133
Q

with an increased force of cardiac contraction

A

an increase of cytosolic Ca2+ results in an increase of cross bridges formed and therefore an increase in force

134
Q

diastole is

A

the relaxation, falling pressure

135
Q

systole is

A

the contraction, rising pressure

136
Q

first stage of the cardiac cycle

A

heart has been relaxed and is full of blood. atrial systole occurs, left and right atria contract, AV valves open.

137
Q

second stage of cardiac cycle

A

atrial diastole (relaxation of atria). AV valves have closed. ventricles are contracting in isovolumetric ventricle contraction phase. both Av and semilunar valves are closed.

138
Q

third stage of cardiac cycle

A

ejection phase, ventricles are squeezing so semilunar valves open, not all the blood leaves (ejection fraction).

139
Q

ejection fraction is

A

the percentage of the blood being ejected from the heart during each beat

140
Q

fourth stage in the cardiac cycle

A

semilunar valves shut as pressure in ventricles is low. AV valves are still shut. Ventricles relax (isovolumetric ventricular relaxation phase).

141
Q

fifth stage of cardiac cycle

A

passive filling phase is where the veins fill the atria and ventricles with blood again

142
Q

blood pressure is taken from the ___ circuit

A

systemic

143
Q

blood pressure=

A

systole/ diastole pressure

144
Q

mean pressure is

A

the average pressure across both cycles

145
Q

hypotension

A

low blood pressure

146
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

147
Q

haemodynamics

A

how blood flows in a single vessel

148
Q

flow=

A

pressure difference/ resistance

149
Q

Q=

A

change in P/ R

150
Q

Description of electrical cells

A

pale, striated appearance- no striations. low actin and myosin

151
Q

description of contractile cells

A

striated appearance, high actin and myosin

152
Q

Depolarisation occurs at which node

A

Sinoatrial node

153
Q

intercalated discs

A

connect most cells of the heart

154
Q

function of intercalated discs and their gap junctions

A

the pores have low resistance to ionic current and allow current flow between adjacent cells

155
Q

function of gap junctions

A

increase speed of the impulse through the heart, allow all the cells to behave as one

156
Q

functional syncytium

A

millions of individuals cells working as one unit

157
Q

is the brain needed to tell the heart to beat

A

no

158
Q

function of AV node

A

pauses electrical signal so ventricle only contracts when atria has relaxed

159
Q

depolarization

A

electrical signal arriving at some part of the heart telling the heart to contract

160
Q

repolarization

A

electrical signal leaving the part of the heart telling it to relax

161
Q

what is the lead in an ECG

A

virtual line between to surface electrodes

162
Q

function of a single lead

A

detects a difference between electrodes (depolarisation and repolarisation)

163
Q

P wave

A

depolarisation of the atria

164
Q

QRS complex

A

atria repolarizing and AV node sending a signal to the ventricles to depolarize

165
Q

T wave

A

depolarization of ventricles

166
Q

the ‘lubb’ sound of the heart refers to what shutting

A

AV valves

167
Q

the ‘dubb’ sound of the heart refers to what shutting

A

semilunar valves

168
Q

in MAP the highest peak is

A

systolic pressure

169
Q

in MAP the lowest valley is

A

diastolic pressure

170
Q

arterial blood volume and pressure are determined by

A

balance between blood flow in and out

171
Q

Mean arterial blood pressure=

A

cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

172
Q

MAP=

A

CO x TPR

173
Q

Cardiac output=

A

stroke volume x heart rate

174
Q

CO=

A

SV x HR

175
Q

stroke volume is

A

contraction strength

176
Q

heart rate is

A

contraction speed

177
Q

VO2 max is

A

peak performance

178
Q

afferent input

A

to brain from body

179
Q

efferent output

A

from brain to body

180
Q

baroreceptors

A

blood pressure sensors and sense stretch within the aortic arch and carotid artery

181
Q

parasympathetic pathway is

A

brake- rest and digest so great output is low

182
Q

sympathetic pathway is

A

accelerator- fight or flight so need for great output is high

183
Q

during exercise an increase of blood flow goes to

A

muscles, heart and skin

184
Q

during exercise a decrease of blood flow goes to

A

GI tract and kidneys

185
Q

during exercise a constant blood flow goes to

A

the brain

186
Q

increased flow=

A

decreased resistance

187
Q

decreased flow=

A

increased resistance

188
Q

the rule of 16

A

cut a vessel diameter in half then resistance increased 16 times

189
Q

R=

A

1/r4

190
Q

vasoconstriction

A

the narrowing of the lumen to allow for less blood flow

191
Q

vasodilation

A

the widening of lumen to allow for a greater blood flow

192
Q

compliance

A

the extent to which a vessel allows deformation in response to an applied force

193
Q

compliance=

A

change in volume/ change in pressure

194
Q

what vessel is more compliant

A

veins

195
Q

what counteracts venous pooling

A

surrounding muscle tone stiffens veins and valves prevent backflow of blood

196
Q

starling’s law of the heart

A

the more stretched muscle fibres are before a contraction the stronger the contraction will be

197
Q

functions of the blood

A

transport, immune response and coagulation

198
Q

what does blood transport

A

o2, water, nutrients, co2, waste products, ions , hormones and immune cells

199
Q

coagulation factors include

A

platelets and factors in plasma

200
Q

function of coagulation

A

preventing bleeding

201
Q

haematopoiesis

A

the formation of blood cells

202
Q

hemocytoblasts

A

progenitors for all blood cells

203
Q

haematopoiesis occurs

A

in the red bone marrow

204
Q

erythropoietin

A

make hemocytoblasts differentiate into red blood cells

205
Q

function of the biconcave disc

A

large surface area to volume ration and allows for efficient diffusion of gases

206
Q

Haemocrit or packed cell volume

A

the fraction of blood occupied by the red cells

hubs192 (6 decks)

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