Module 6: Psychological Disorders Flashcards
suggests that past trauma can continue to cause emotional distress if the memory of that trauma is not fully processed; model of PTSD
Adaptive information processcing model of PTSD
anxiety disorder characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack
agoraphobia
one of the four categories of PTSD symptoms; include irritability or aggression, increased risk taking, hyper vigilance, jumpiness, and difficulty with concentration or sleep
alterations in arousal and reactivity
characterized by lack of regard for others rights, impulsivity, decietfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds
antisocial personality disorder
chracterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior
anxiety disorder
childhood disorder charcterized by inattentiveness and/or hyperactive, impulsive behaviour
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
describes behaviours or feelings that deviate from the norm
atypical
childhood disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication, and repeptitive patterns of behavior or interests
autism spectrum disorder
one of the four categories of PTSD symptoms; occur when the individual avoids stimuli or thoughts and feelings associated with the trauma
avoidance symptoms
group of mood disorders in which mania is the defining feature
bipolar and related disorders
mood disorder characterized by mood states that vacillate between depression and mania
bipolar disorder
involves excessive preoccupation with an imagined defect in physical appearance
body dysmorphic disorder
instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, as well as impulsivity; key feature include intolerance of being alone and fear of abandonment, unstable relationships, unpredictable behaviour and moods, and intense and innapropriate anger
borderline personality disorder
decreased reactivity to the environment; includes posturing and catatonic stupor
catatonic behaviour
co-occurence of two disorders in the same individual
comorbidity
a varaint of PTSD included in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) but it has yet to be included in the DSM
complex PTSD (C-PTSD)
belief that is contrary to reality and is firmly held, despite contradictory evidence
delusion
dissociative disorder in which people feel detached from the self (depersonalization), and the world feels artificial and unreal (derealization)
depersonalization/derealization disorder
one of a group of mood disorders in which depression is a defining feature
depressive disorder
determination of which disorder a set of symptoms represents
diagnosis
authoritative index of mental disorders and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA)
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)
suggests that people with a predispostition for aa disorder (a diathesis) are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with stress; model of psychopathy
diathesis-stress model
disjointed and incoherent thought processes, ususally detected by what a person says
disorganized thinking
highly unusal behaviours and movements (such as child-like behaviours), repeated and purposeless movements, and displaying odd facial expressions and gesture
disorganized/abnormal motor behaviour
dissociative disorder chraxterized by an inablity to recall important personal information, usually following an extremely stressful or traumatic experience
dissociative amnesia
group of DSM-5 disorders in which the primary feature is that a person becomes dissociated, or split off, from their core sense of self, resulting in disturbances in identity and memory.
dissociative disorders
symptom of dissociative amnesia in which a person suddenly wanders away from ones home and experiences confusion about his or her identity
dissociative fugue
dissociative disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder) in which a person exhibits two or more distinct, well-defined personaliites or identitiies and experiences memory gaps for the time during which another identity emerged
dissociative identity disorder
theory od schizophrenia that proposes that an overabundance of dopamine or dopamine receptors is responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia
dopamine hypothesis
cause or causes of a psychological disorder
etiology
psychological state lasting from a few seconds to several days, during ehich one relives a traumatic event and behvaes as though the event were occuring at that moment
flashback
symptom of mania that involves an abruptly switching in conversation from one topic to another
flight of ideas
characterized by a continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension
generalized anxiety disorder
characterized by beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important
grandoise delusion
perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation, such as auditory ————– (hearing voices), common to schizophrenia
hallucination
model of psychological disorders resulting from the inability of an internal mechanism to perform its natural function
harmful dysfunction
characterized by persistent difficulty in parting with posessions regardless of their actual value/usefulness
hoarding disorder
cognitive theory of depression proposing that a style of thinking that perceives negative life events as having stable and global causes leads to a sense of hopelessness and then to depression
hopelessness theory
one of the four categories of PTSD symptoms; occur when traumatic event is re-expeirenced through memories, nightmares, flashbacks, and emotional or physical reactivity after exposure to stimuli associated with the truama
intrusion symptoms
authoritative index of mental and physical diseases, including infectious diseases, and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the World Health Organization (WHO)
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
suggests that some symptoms are developed and maintained through classical conditioning; model of PTSD
Learning and Cognitive Processing Model of PTSD
area of the brainstem that contains norephinephrine, a neurotransmitter that triggers the bodys fight or flight response; has been implicated in panic disorder
locus coeruleus
commonly reffered to as “depression” or “major depression”, characterized by sadness or loss of pleasure in usual activities, as well as other symptoms
major depressive disorder
state of extreme elation or agitation
mania
period in which an individual experiences mania, characterized by extremely cheerful and euphoric modd, excessive talkativeness, irritablility, increased activity levels, and other symptoms
manic episode
one of a group of disorders charcterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions; the categories of mood disorders listed in the DSM-5 are bipolar and related disorders and depressive disorders
mood disorder
one of the four categories of PTSD symptoms; involve pervasive negative mood, feelings os isolation, extreme negative beliefs about the self or the world, and problems with memory, often specific to truama related memories
negative alteration in cognitions and mood
charcterized by decreaases and absences in certain normal behaviours, emotions, or drives, such as expressionless face, lack of motivation to engage in activities, reduced speech, lack of social engagement, and inability to experience pleasure
negative symptom
one of the disorders that are first diagnosed in childhood and involve developmental problems in academic, intellectual, and social functioning
neurodevelopmental disorder
group of overlapping disorders listed in the DSM-5 that involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and/or repetitive behaviours
obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
charcaterized by the tendency yo experience intrusive and unwanted thoughts and urges (obsession) and/or need to engage in repetitiive behaviouts or mental acts (compulsions) in response to the unwanted thoughts and urges
obsessive compulsive disorder
area of the frontal lobe involved in learning and decision making
orbitofrontal cortex
period of extreme fear or discomfort that devlops abruptly; symptoms of panic attacks are both physiological and psychological
panic attack
anxiety disorder charcterized by unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behaviour related to the attacks
panic disorder
characterized by beliefs that others are out to harm them
paranoid delusion
subtype of depression that applies to those who experience an episode of major depression either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following childbirth
peripartum onset
depressive disorder characterized by a chronically sad and melancholy mood
peristent depressive disorder
group of DSM-5 diorders charcterized by an inflexible pervasive personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of ones culture and causes distress and impairment; people with these disorders have a personalitu style that frequently brings them into conflict with others and disrupts their ability to develop and maintain social realtionships
personality disorder
experiencing a profundly traumatic event leads to a constellation of symptoms that include intrusive and distressing memories of the event, avoidance of stimuli connected to the event, negative emotional states, feelings of detachment from others, irritablility, proness towards outburts, hypervigilance, and a tendency to startle easily; these symptoms must occcur for at least one month
post traumatic stress disorder PTSD
in schizophrenia, one of the early minor symptoms of psychosis
prodromal symptom
condition charcterized by abmormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviours
psychological disorder
study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, causes, and treatment; manifestation of a psychological disorder
psychopathology
in depression, tendency to repetitiively and passively dwell on ones depressed symptoms, their meanings, and their consequences
rumination
mental and behaviour acts designed to reduce anxiety in social sitautions by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes; common in social anxiety disorder
safety behaviour
severe disorder characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior with symptoms that include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and behavior, and negative symptoms
schizophrenia
subtype of depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular part of the year
seasonal pattern
charcterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which one could potentially be evaluated negatively by others
social anxiety disorder
belief that something highly unusual is happening to ones body or internal organs
somatic delusion
anxiety disorder charcterized by excessive, distressing, and peristent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
specific phobia
thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about ot planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt
suicidal ideation
death caused by intentional, self-directed injurious behaviour
suicide
describes a force beyond scientific understanding
supernatural
one of the fluid-filled cavaties of the brain
ventricle
