Module 4: Social Psychology Flashcards
phenomenon of explaining other peoples behaviours are due to internal factors and our own behaviours are due to situational forces
actor-observer bias
prejudice and discrimination toward indivduals based solely on their age
ageism
motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause harm or pain to another person
hostile aggression
motivated by acheieving a goal and does not neccessarily involve intent to cause pain or harm
instrumental aggression
humans desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping
altruism
group majority influences an indivduals judgement, even when that judgement is inaccurate
unequal lines experiement
Asch effect
evaluations of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative
attitude
explanation for the behavior of other people
attribution
a person, often an adolescent, being treated negatively repeatedly and over time
bullying
situation in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress
bystander effect
type of persuasion
logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an arguments worthiness
central route persuasion
psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a persons behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to ones positive self-perception
cognitive dissonance
culture that focuses on communal relationships with others such as family, friends, and community
collectivist culture
type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment, but not passion.
associated with close friendships and family relationships
companionate love
person who works for a researcher and is aware of the experiment, but who acts as a participant; used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design.
confederate
seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes
confirmation bias
when indivduals change their behaviour to go along with the group even if they do not agree with the group
conformity
type of love occurring when intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present
consummate love
repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person and that takes place online.
cyberbullying
tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group
diffusion of responsibility
negative actions toward indivduals as a result of their membership in a particular group
discrimination
describes a perspective common to personality psychologists, which assers that our behaviour is dteremined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament
dispositionism
capacity to understand another person’s perspective-to feel what he or she feels
empathy
persuasion of one person by another person, encouraging a person to agree to a small favour, or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favpur or purchase of a larger item
foot-in-the-door technique
strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group
group polarization
tendency to overemphasize internal factors as attributions for behavior and underestimate the power of the situation
fundamental attribution error
group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus
groupthink
tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similar.
homophily
prejudice and discrimination against indivduals based solely on their sexual orientation
homophobia
in-group
group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to
preference for our own group over other groups
in-group bias
culture that focuses on indivdual achievement and autonomy
indivudalistic culture
conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group id competent and has the correct information
informational social influence
internal attribute of a person, such as personality traits or temperment
internal factor
ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve
just-world hypothesis
theory that people value goals and achievements more when they have put more effort into them
justification of effort
conformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group
normative social influence
change of behavior to please an authority figure or to avoid aversive consequences
obedience
group that we do not belong to- one that we view as fundamentally different from us
out-group
one person persuades another person; an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues (such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message
peripheral route persuasion
process of changing our attitude toward something based on some form of communication
persuasion
nagative attitudes and feelings towards indivduals based solely on their membership in a particular group
prejudice
voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people
prosocial behaviour
prejudice and discrimination toward indivduals based solely on their race
racism
give and take in relationships
reciprocity
type of love consisting of intimacy and passion, but no commitment
romantic love
act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal
scapegoating
persons knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting
script
sharing personal information in relationships
self-disclosure
treating stereotyped group members according to our biased expectations only to have this treatment influence the indivdual to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs
self-fulfilling prophecy
tendency for indivduals to take credit by making dispositional or interal attributions for positive outcomes and situational or external attributions for negative outcomes
self-serving bias
prejudice and discrimination toward indivduals based on their sex
sexism
describes a perspective that behaviour and actions are determined by the immediate environment and surrounding; a view promoted by social psychologists
situationism
humans act as naive economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship, with the goal to maximize benefits and minimize costs
social exchange theory
improved performance when an audience is watching versus when the indivdual performs the behavior alone.
social facilitation
exertion of less effort by a person working in a group because indivdual performance cannot be evaluated spereately from the group, thus causing performance decline on easy tasks.
social loafing
groups expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behaviours of its members.
social norm
field of psychology that examines how people impact or affect each other, with particular focus on the power of the situation
social psychology
socially defined pattern of behaviour that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
social role
Stanford University conducted an experiment in a mock prison that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts
stanford prison experiment
specific beliefs or assumptions about indivduals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their indivdual characteristics
stereotype
model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components
sternberg
triangular theory of love
