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EALS (Periodical) > Module 6 - PERPETUATION OF LIFE > Flashcards

Module 6 - PERPETUATION OF LIFE Flashcards

1
Q

means for something to carry on.

A

Perpetuate

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2
Q

produces individuals that are genetically identical to the parent plant

A

Asexual reproduction

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3
Q

involves the production of male and female gametes, the transfer of the male gametes to the female ovules in a process called pollination. After pollination occurs, fertilization happens and the ovules grow into seeds within a fruit.

A

Sexual reproduction

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4
Q

Some plants can produce seeds without fertilization via _____ where the ovule or ovary gives rise to new seeds. Here are the plants that undergo asexual reproduction.

A

apomixis

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5
Q

Types of plants who asexually reproduce?

A

Corms
Bulb
Tubers

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6
Q

Vegetative propagation includes?

A

Corms
Bulb
Tubers
Rhizomes
Stolon
Leaves

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7
Q

look like true bulbs but they are solid, so they do not have layers of modified leaves. As the leaves and flowers grow, they absorb the nutrients and the corm shrivels up and disappears

A

Corms

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8
Q

Example of corms

A

Crocus
Gladiolas
Tuberous begonias

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9
Q

Horticulturalists call these true _____ to differentiate them from the all the other types. True _____ consist of layers of modified leaves and contain a miniature flower or sprout in the center

A

Bulb

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10
Q

Example of bulb

A

Onion
Garlic
Amaryllis
Tulips
Daffodils
Lilies

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11
Q

are usually short and thickened and typically grow below the soil. Largely composed of starch-storing parenchyma tissue, they constitute the resting stage of various plants and enable overwintering in many species.

A

Tubers

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12
Q

Examples of Tubers

A

Potato
Kumara
Yam
Taro
Jerusalem artichoke
Ulluco

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13
Q

is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. _____ are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks.

A

rhizome

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14
Q

rhizome greek word

A

rhízōma “mass of roots”

rhizóō “cause to strike root”

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15
Q

also known as runners, are plants that propagate horizontally. though this plants have roots but they attach their stems to the ground and let roots grow from their stems.

A

Stolon

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16
Q

refers to a method of plant reproduction where new plants are grown from individual leaf cuttings taken from a parent plant. This process involves selecting healthy leaves, allowing them to callus, planting them in soil or another growing medium, and providing appropriate care until roots and new growth emerge. It’s a popular and relatively simple way to propagate many houseplants and ornamental plants.

A

Leaves -

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17
Q

This type of reproduction in plants involves the production of male and female gametes, the transfer of the male gametes to the female ovules in a process called pollination.

A

Sexual Reproduction

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18
Q

Sexual Reproduction
This type of reproduction in plants involves the production of male and female

A

gametes

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19
Q

are specialized cells involved in sexual reproduction.

A

gametes

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20
Q

types of gametes

A

Sperm
egg or ovum

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21
Q

how many chromosomes in a human?

A

46 for each parent

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22
Q

the transfer of the male gametes to the female ovules in a process called

A

pollination

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23
Q

After pollination occurs, _____ happens and the ovules grow into seeds within a fruit.

A

fertilization

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24
Q

In _____, the large, familiar form that consists of roots, shoots, leaves, and reproductive structures (flowers and fruit) is diploid and is called the _____.

A

flowering plants

sporophyte

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25
Q

refers to the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells

A

haploid

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26
Q

The _____ produces haploid microscopic gametophytes that are dependent on tissues produced by the flower.

A

sporophyte

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27
Q

sporophyte produces?

A

haploid microscopic gametophytes

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28
Q

The reproductive cycle of a flowering plant is the regular, usually seasonal, cycling back and forth from

A

sporophyte to gametophyte.

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29
Q

The flower produces two kinds of gametophytes

A

male and female

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30
Q

arises from a cell within the ovule , a small structure within the ovary of the flower.

A

female gametophyte

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31
Q

_____ is a larger structure within the flower that contains and protects usually many ovules

A

ovary

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32
Q

Flowering plants are unique in that their ovules….

A

are entirely enclosed in the ovary

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33
Q

he ovary itself is part of a larger structure called

A

carpel

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34
Q

carpel consist of

A

stigma, style, and ovary

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35
Q

Each ovule is attached to ovary tissue by a stalk called

A

funicle

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36
Q

The point of attachment of the funicle to the ovary is called the

A

placenta

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37
Q

As the flower develops from a bud, a cell within an ovule called the _____ enlarges to form an embryo-sac mother cell

A

archespore

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38
Q

what does archespore form?

A

embryo-sac mother cell

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39
Q

The EMC divides by _____ to produce four megaspores

A

meiosis

40
Q

The EMC divides by meiosis to produce

A

four megaspores

41
Q

process of producing 4 megaspores how

A

the number of chromosomes is reduced from two sets in the EMC to one set in the megaspores, making the megaspores haploid.

Three of the four megaspores degenerate and disappear,

while the fourth divides mitotically three times to produce eight haploid cells. These cells together constitute the female gametophyte, called the embryo sac.

42
Q

These cells together constitute the female gametophyte, called the

A

embryo sac

43
Q

The eight embryo sac cells differentiate into

A

two synergids,
three antipodal cells
two fused endosperm nuclei,
one egg cell

44
Q

The mature embryo sac is situated at the outer opening (_____) of the ovule, ready to receive the sperm cells delivered by the male gametophyte.

A

micropyle

45
Q

The _____ is the mature pollen grain.

A

male gametophyte

46
Q

Pollen is produced in the

A

anthers

47
Q

are attached at the distal end of filaments

A

anther

48
Q

The filament and anther together constitute the _____, the male sex organ

A

stamen

49
Q

Flowers usually produce many stamens just inside of

A

petals

50
Q

As the flower matures, cells in the anther divide _____ to produce pollen mother cells (PMC)

A

mitotically

51
Q

As the flower matures, cells in the anther divide mitotically to produce

A

pollen mother cells (PMC)

52
Q

The PMCs divide by meiosis to produce haploid microspores in groups of four called

A

tetrads

53
Q

he microspores are housed within a single layer of cells called the

A

tapetum

54
Q

begins when the pollen tube grows into one of the two synergid cells in the embryo sac, possibly as a result of chemical attraction to calcium.

A

Double fertilization

55
Q

what happens in double fertilization

A

After penetrating the synergid, the apex of the pollen tube breaks open, releasing the two sperm nuclei and other contents into the synergid. As the synergid degenerates, it envelops the egg and endosperm cells, holding the two sperm nuclei close and the other expelled contents of the pollen tube. The egg cell then opens and engulfs the sperm cell, whose membrane breaks apart and allows the nucleus to move near the egg nucleus. The nuclear envelopes then disintegrate, and the two nuclei combine to form the single diploid nucleus of the zygote. The other sperm cell fuses with the two endosperm nuclei, forming a single triploid cell, the primary endosperm cell, which divides mitotically into the endosperm tissue.

56
Q

is the mature, fertilized ovule

A

seed

57
Q

After fertilization, the haploid cells of the embryo sac

A

disintegrate

58
Q

The maternally derived diploid cells of the ovule develop into the hard, water-resistant outer covering of the seed, called the

A

testa or seed coat

59
Q

The _____ develops into the embryo, and the triploid endosperm cells multiply and provide nutrition.

A

diploid zygote

60
Q

The testa usually shows a scar called the _____ where the ovule was originally attached to the funicle.

A

hilum

61
Q

In some seeds a ridge along the testa called the _____ shows where the funicle originally was pressed against the ovule

A

raphe

62
Q

of a flowering plant is the mature ovary.

A

fruit

63
Q

As seeds mature, the surrounding ovary wall forms a protective structure that may aid in dispersal. The surrounding ovary tissue is called the _____

A

pericarp

64
Q

layers of pericarp

A

exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp

65
Q

is usually tough and skinlike.

A

exocarp

66
Q

is often thick, succulent, and sweet

A

mesocarp

67
Q

which surrounds the seeds, may be hard and stony, as in most species with fleshy fruit, such as apricots.

A

endocarp

68
Q

is the movement of pollen from the stamens to the stigma, where germination and growth of the pollen tube occur.

A

Pollination

69
Q

Most (approximately 96 percent) of all flowering plant species are

A

hermaphroditic (possess both sexual functions within a plant, usually within every flower)

70
Q

Seed produced through self-pollination (“selfed” seed) is often inferior in growth, survival, and fecundity to seed produced through outcross pollination (“outcrossed” seed). As a result, in most species there is strong natural selection to maximize the proportion of outcrossed seed (the “outcrossing rate”).

A

facts about pollination

71
Q

are reproductive cells that are able to develop into a new individual without fusing with another cell (in contrast, seeds are formed when male and female gametes join together)

A

Spores

72
Q

The microscopic spore cell has everything it needs to grow into a multicellular plant, and under favorable conditions the cell will divide and grow. In plants, spores can be found on non-seed bearing plants including green algae, mosses and ferns. Often, the spores are located on the underside of the leaves and are carried to a new area by wind or rain. Spores, unlike seeds, are less likely to be eaten by animals, but they are at risk of being consumed by bacteria and fungi.

A

facts about spores

73
Q

in animals occurs through fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis.

A

asexual reproduction

74
Q

_____ starts with the combination of a sperm and an egg in a process called _____.

A

sexual reproduction

fertilization

75
Q

The method of fertilization varies among

A

animals

76
Q

Fission, also called

A

binary fission

77
Q

occurs in prokaryotic microorganisms and in some invertebrate, multi-celled organisms. After a period of growth, an organism splits into two separate organisms.

A

fission

78
Q

Some unicellular eukaryotic organisms undergo binary fission by

A

mitosis

79
Q

is a form of asexual reproduction that results from the outgrowth of a part of a cell or body region leading to a separation from the original organism into two individuals.

A

budding

80
Q

Budding occurs commonly in some invertebrate animals such as

A

corals and hydras

81
Q

Many sea stars reproduce asexually by

A

fragmentation

82
Q

if the arm of an individual sea star is broken off it will regenerate a new sea star. Fishery workers have been known to try to kill the sea stars that eat their clam or oyster beds by cutting them in half and throwing them back into the ocean. Unfortunately for the workers, the two parts can each regenerate a new half, resulting in twice as many sea stars to prey upon the oysters and clams.

A

fragmentation

83
Q

Fragmentation also occurs in annelid

A

worms, turbellarians, and poriferans.

84
Q

is a form of asexual reproduction where an egg develops into a complete individual without being fertilized. The resulting offspring can be either haploid or diploid, depending on the process and the species.

A

Parthenogenesis

85
Q

Parthenogenesis occurs in invertebrates such as water fleas, rotifers, aphids, stick insects, some ants, wasps, and bees. Bees use parthenogenesis to produce haploid males (drones) and diploid females (workers). If an egg is fertilized, a queen is produced. The queen bee controls the reproduction of the hive bees to regulate the type of bee produced.

A

facts about parthenogenesis

86
Q

Mammals, birds, and some other animal species depend on heterozygous or homozygous chromosome combinations for sex determination. This type of reproduction in animals occurs in three fundamental steps such as

A

Gametogenesis (gametes production),
Spawning or mating (uniting the gametes)
Fertilization (marrying of gametes).

87
Q

occurs in animals in which one individual has both male and female reproductive systems

A

Hermaphroditism

88
Q

Invertebrates such as earthworms, slugs, tapeworms, and snails are often

A

hermaphroditic.

89
Q

Hermaphrodites may self-fertilize, but typically they will mate with another of their species, fertilizing each other and both producing offspring. Self-fertilization is more common in animals that have limited mobility or are not motile, such as barnacles and clams. Many species have specific mechanisms in place to prevent self-fertilization, because it is an extreme form of inbreeding and usually produces less fit offspring.

A

facts about hermaphroditism

90
Q

usually occurs in aquatic environments where both eggs and sperm are released into the water.

A

External Fertilization

91
Q

occurs most often in terrestrial animals, although some aquatic animals also use this method. _____ may occur by the male directly depositing sperm in the female during mating.

A

Internal fertilization

92
Q

Different types of gamete size and behavior in sexual reproduction.

A

Anisogamy (also called heterogamy)

OOgamy

Isogamy

Protogyny

Protandry

93
Q

form of sexual reproduction that involves the union or fusion of two gametes, which differ in size and/or form. … The form of _____ that occurs in animals, including humans, is oogamy.

A

Anisogamy

94
Q

Occurs when large, non-motile egg (ovum) is fertilized by a small, motile sperm (spermatozoon).

A

OOgamy

95
Q

form of sexual reproduction that involves gametes of similar morphology (generally similar in shape and size), found in most unicellular organisms. Because both gametes look alike, they generally cannot be classified as male or female.

Ex. fungi, algae, mammals

A

Isogamy

96
Q

Process that occurs in organisms that are born female and at some point of their life span change sex to males.

A

Protogyny

97
Q

maturing as a male and changing sex to female during the life history.

Ex. fish families like clownfish

A

Protandry

EALS (Periodical) (4 decks)

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