Module 6 - PERPETUATION OF LIFE

Question 1

means for something to carry on.

Answer 1

Perpetuate

Question 2

produces individuals that are genetically identical to the parent plant

Answer 2

Asexual reproduction

Question 3

involves the production of male and female gametes, the transfer of the male gametes to the female ovules in a process called pollination. After pollination occurs, fertilization happens and the ovules grow into seeds within a fruit.

Answer 3

Sexual reproduction

Question 4

Some plants can produce seeds without fertilization via _____ where the ovule or ovary gives rise to new seeds. Here are the plants that undergo asexual reproduction.

Answer 4

apomixis

Question 5

Types of plants who asexually reproduce?

Answer 5

Corms
Bulb
Tubers
Rhizomes
Stolon
Leaves

Question 6

Vegetative propagation includes?

Answer 6

Corms
Bulb
Tubers
Rhizomes
Stolon
Leaves

Question 7

look like true bulbs but they are solid, so they do not have layers of modified leaves. As the leaves and flowers grow, they absorb the nutrients and the corm shrivels up and disappears

Answer 7

Corms

Question 8

Example of corms

Answer 8

Crocus
Gladiolas
Tuberous begonias

Question 9

Horticulturalists call these true _____ to differentiate them from the all the other types. True _____ consist of layers of modified leaves and contain a miniature flower or sprout in the center

Answer 9

Bulb

Question 10

Example of bulb

Answer 10

Onion
Garlic
Amaryllis
Tulips
Daffodils
Lilies

Question 11

are usually short and thickened and typically grow below the soil. Largely composed of starch-storing parenchyma tissue, they constitute the resting stage of various plants and enable overwintering in many species.

Answer 11

Tubers

Question 12

Examples of Tubers

Answer 12

Potato
Kumara
Yam
Taro
Jerusalem artichoke
Ulluco

Question 13

is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. _____ are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks.

Answer 13

rhizome

Question 14

rhizome greek word

Answer 14

rhízōma “mass of roots”

rhizóō “cause to strike root”

Question 15

also known as runners, are plants that propagate horizontally. though this plants have roots but they attach their stems to the ground and let roots grow from their stems.

These roots are also known as?

Answer 15

Stolon

adventitious roots

Question 16

refers to a method of plant reproduction where new plants are grown from individual leaf cuttings taken from a parent plant. This process involves selecting healthy leaves, allowing them to callus, planting them in soil or another growing medium, and providing appropriate care until roots and new growth emerge. It’s a popular and relatively simple way to propagate many houseplants and ornamental plants.

Answer 16

Leaves -

Question 17

This type of reproduction in plants involves the production of male and female gametes, the transfer of the male gametes to the female ovules in a process called pollination.

Answer 17

Sexual Reproduction

Question 18

Sexual Reproduction
This type of reproduction in plants involves the production of male and female

Answer 18

gametes

Question 19

are specialized cells involved in sexual reproduction.

Answer 19

gametes

Question 20

types of gametes

Answer 20

Sperm
egg or ovum

Question 21

how many chromosomes in a human?

Answer 21

46 for each parent

Question 22

the transfer of the male gametes to the female ovules in a process called

Answer 22

pollination

Question 23

After pollination occurs, _____ happens and the ovules grow into seeds within a fruit.

Answer 23

fertilization

Question 24

In _____, the large, familiar form that consists of roots, shoots, leaves, and reproductive structures (flowers and fruit) is diploid and is called the _____.

Answer 24

flowering plants

sporophyte

Question 25

refers to the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism's cells A term that describes a cell or organism with two complete sets of chromosomes

Answer 25

haploid diploid

Question 26

The _____ produces haploid microscopic gametophytes that are dependent on tissues produced by the flower.

Answer 26

sporophyte

Question 27

sporophyte produces?

Answer 27

haploid microscopic gametophytes

Question 28

The reproductive cycle of a flowering plant is the regular, usually seasonal, cycling back and forth from

Answer 28

sporophyte to gametophyte.

Question 29

The flower produces two kinds of gametophytes

Answer 29

male and female

Question 30

arises from a cell within the ovule , a small structure within the ovary of the flower.

Answer 30

female gametophyte

Question 31

_____ is a larger structure within the flower that contains and protects usually many ovules

Answer 31

ovary

Question 32

Flowering plants are unique in that their ovules....

Answer 32

are entirely enclosed in the ovary

Question 33

he ovary itself is part of a larger structure called

Answer 33

carpel

Question 34

carpel consist of

Answer 34

stigma, style, and ovary

Question 35

Each ovule is attached to ovary tissue by a stalk called

Answer 35

funicle

Question 36

The point of attachment of the funicle to the ovary is called the

Answer 36

placenta

Question 37

As the flower develops from a bud, a cell within an ovule called the _____ enlarges to form an embryo-sac mother cell

Answer 37

archespore

Question 38

what does archespore form?

Answer 38

embryo-sac mother cell

Question 39

The EMC divides by _____ to produce four megaspores

Answer 39

meiosis

Question 40

The EMC divides by meiosis to produce

Answer 40

four megaspores

Question 41

process of producing 4 megaspores how

Answer 41

the number of chromosomes is reduced from two sets in the EMC to one set in the megaspores, making the megaspores haploid. Three of the four megaspores degenerate and disappear, while the fourth divides mitotically three times to produce eight haploid cells. These cells together constitute the female gametophyte, called the embryo sac.

Question 42

These cells together constitute the female gametophyte, called the

Answer 42

embryo sac

Question 43

The eight embryo sac cells differentiate into

Answer 43

two synergids, three antipodal cells two fused endosperm nuclei, one egg cell

Question 44

The mature embryo sac is situated at the outer opening (_____) of the ovule, ready to receive the sperm cells delivered by the male gametophyte.

Answer 44

micropyle

Question 45

The _____ is the mature pollen grain.

Answer 45

male gametophyte

Question 46

Pollen is produced in the

Answer 46

anthers

Question 47

are attached at the distal end of filaments

Answer 47

anther

Question 48

The filament and anther together constitute the _____, the male sex organ

Answer 48

stamen

Question 49

Flowers usually produce many stamens just inside of

Answer 49

petals

Question 50

As the flower matures, cells in the anther divide _____ to produce pollen mother cells (PMC)

Answer 50

mitotically

Question 51

As the flower matures, cells in the anther divide mitotically to produce

Answer 51

pollen mother cells (PMC)

Question 52

The PMCs divide by meiosis to produce haploid microspores in groups of four called

Answer 52

tetrads

Question 53

he microspores are housed within a single layer of cells called the

Answer 53

tapetum

Question 54

begins when the pollen tube grows into one of the two synergid cells in the embryo sac, possibly as a result of chemical attraction to calcium.

Answer 54

Double fertilization

Question 55

what happens in double fertilization

Answer 55

After penetrating the synergid, the apex of the pollen tube breaks open, releasing the two sperm nuclei and other contents into the synergid. As the synergid degenerates, it envelops the egg and endosperm cells, holding the two sperm nuclei close and the other expelled contents of the pollen tube. The egg cell then opens and engulfs the sperm cell, whose membrane breaks apart and allows the nucleus to move near the egg nucleus. The nuclear envelopes then disintegrate, and the two nuclei combine to form the single diploid nucleus of the zygote. The other sperm cell fuses with the two endosperm nuclei, forming a single triploid cell, the primary endosperm cell, which divides mitotically into the endosperm tissue.

Question 56

is the mature, fertilized ovule

Answer 56

seed

Question 57

After fertilization, the haploid cells of the embryo sac

Answer 57

disintegrate

Question 58

The maternally derived diploid cells of the ovule develop into the hard, water-resistant outer covering of the seed, called the

Answer 58

testa or seed coat

Question 59

The _____ develops into the embryo, and the triploid endosperm cells multiply and provide nutrition.

Answer 59

diploid zygote

Question 60

The testa usually shows a scar called the _____ where the ovule was originally attached to the funicle.

Answer 60

hilum

Question 61

In some seeds a ridge along the testa called the _____ shows where the funicle originally was pressed against the ovule

Answer 61

raphe

Question 62

of a flowering plant is the mature ovary.

Answer 62

fruit

Question 63

As seeds mature, the surrounding ovary wall forms a protective structure that may aid in dispersal. The surrounding ovary tissue is called the _____

Answer 63

pericarp

Question 64

layers of pericarp

Answer 64

exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp

Question 65

is usually tough and skinlike.

Answer 65

exocarp

Question 66

is often thick, succulent, and sweet

Answer 66

mesocarp

Question 67

which surrounds the seeds, may be hard and stony, as in most species with fleshy fruit, such as apricots.

Answer 67

endocarp

Question 68

is the movement of pollen from the stamens to the stigma, where germination and growth of the pollen tube occur.

Answer 68

Pollination

Question 69

Most (approximately 96 percent) of all flowering plant species are

Answer 69

hermaphroditic (possess both sexual functions within a plant, usually within every flower)

Question 70

Seed produced through self-pollination ("selfed" seed) is often inferior in growth, survival, and fecundity to seed produced through outcross pollination ("outcrossed" seed). As a result, in most species there is strong natural selection to maximize the proportion of outcrossed seed (the "outcrossing rate").

Answer 70

facts about pollination

Question 71

are reproductive cells that are able to develop into a new individual without fusing with another cell (in contrast, seeds are formed when male and female gametes join together)

Answer 71

Spores

Question 72

The microscopic spore cell has everything it needs to grow into a multicellular plant, and under favorable conditions the cell will divide and grow. In plants, spores can be found on non-seed bearing plants including green algae, mosses and ferns. Often, the spores are located on the underside of the leaves and are carried to a new area by wind or rain. Spores, unlike seeds, are less likely to be eaten by animals, but they are at risk of being consumed by bacteria and fungi.

Answer 72

facts about spores

Question 73

in animals occurs through fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis.

Answer 73

asexual reproduction

Question 74

_____ starts with the combination of a sperm and an egg in a process called _____.

Answer 74

sexual reproduction fertilization

Question 75

The method of fertilization varies among

Answer 75

animals

Question 76

Fission, also called

Answer 76

binary fission

Question 77

occurs in prokaryotic microorganisms and in some invertebrate, multi-celled organisms. After a period of growth, an organism splits into two separate organisms.

Answer 77

fission

Question 78

Some unicellular eukaryotic organisms undergo binary fission by

Answer 78

mitosis

Question 79

is a form of asexual reproduction that results from the outgrowth of a part of a cell or body region leading to a separation from the original organism into two individuals.

Answer 79

budding

Question 80

Budding occurs commonly in some invertebrate animals such as

Answer 80

corals and hydras

Question 81

Many sea stars reproduce asexually by

Answer 81

fragmentation

Question 82

if the arm of an individual sea star is broken off it will regenerate a new sea star. Fishery workers have been known to try to kill the sea stars that eat their clam or oyster beds by cutting them in half and throwing them back into the ocean. Unfortunately for the workers, the two parts can each regenerate a new half, resulting in twice as many sea stars to prey upon the oysters and clams.

Answer 82

fragmentation

Question 83

Fragmentation also occurs in annelid

Answer 83

worms, turbellarians, and poriferans.

Question 84

is a form of asexual reproduction where an egg develops into a complete individual without being fertilized. The resulting offspring can be either haploid or diploid, depending on the process and the species.

Answer 84

Parthenogenesis

Question 85

Parthenogenesis occurs in invertebrates such as water fleas, rotifers, aphids, stick insects, some ants, wasps, and bees. Bees use parthenogenesis to produce haploid males (drones) and diploid females (workers). If an egg is fertilized, a queen is produced. The queen bee controls the reproduction of the hive bees to regulate the type of bee produced.

Answer 85

facts about parthenogenesis

Question 86

Mammals, birds, and some other animal species depend on heterozygous or homozygous chromosome combinations for sex determination. This type of reproduction in animals occurs in three fundamental steps such as

Answer 86

Gametogenesis (gametes production), Spawning or mating (uniting the gametes) Fertilization (marrying of gametes).

Question 87

occurs in animals in which one individual has both male and female reproductive systems

Answer 87

Hermaphroditism

Question 88

Invertebrates such as earthworms, slugs, tapeworms, and snails are often

Answer 88

hermaphroditic.

Question 89

Hermaphrodites may self-fertilize, but typically they will mate with another of their species, fertilizing each other and both producing offspring. Self-fertilization is more common in animals that have limited mobility or are not motile, such as barnacles and clams. Many species have specific mechanisms in place to prevent self-fertilization, because it is an extreme form of inbreeding and usually produces less fit offspring.

Answer 89

facts about hermaphroditism

Question 90

usually occurs in aquatic environments where both eggs and sperm are released into the water.

Answer 90

External Fertilization

Question 91

occurs most often in terrestrial animals, although some aquatic animals also use this method. _____ may occur by the male directly depositing sperm in the female during mating.

Answer 91

Internal fertilization

Question 92

Different types of gamete size and behavior in sexual reproduction.

Answer 92

Anisogamy (also called heterogamy) OOgamy Isogamy Protogyny Protandry

Question 93

form of sexual reproduction that involves the union or fusion of two gametes, which differ in size and/or form. ... The form of _____ that occurs in animals, including humans, is oogamy.

Answer 93

Anisogamy

Question 94

Occurs when large, non-motile egg (ovum) is fertilized by a small, motile sperm (spermatozoon).

Answer 94

OOgamy

Question 95

form of sexual reproduction that involves gametes of similar morphology (generally similar in shape and size), found in most unicellular organisms. Because both gametes look alike, they generally cannot be classified as male or female. Ex. fungi, algae, mammals

Answer 95

Isogamy

Question 96

Process that occurs in organisms that are born female and at some point of their life span change sex to males.

Answer 96

Protogyny

Question 97

maturing as a male and changing sex to female during the life history. Ex. fish families like clownfish

Answer 97

Protandry