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EALS (Periodical) > Module 5 - BIOENERGETICS > Flashcards

Module 5 - BIOENERGETICS Flashcards

1
Q

is the part of biochemistry concerned with the energy involved in making and breaking of chemical bonds in the molecules found in biological organisms.

A

Bioenergetics

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2
Q

acquire energy from sunlight

A

photosynthesis

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3
Q

We define life by describing the set of properties that is unique to living things

A

Nature of Life

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4
Q

is a property that emerges from cellular components, but a collection of those components in the right amounts and proportions is not necessarily alive

A

Life

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5
Q

6 Properties of living things:

A
  • Make and use the organic molecules of life
  • Consist of one or more cells
  • Engage in self-sustaining biological processes such as metabolism and homeostasis
  • Change over their lifetime, for example by growing, maturing, and aging
  • Use DNA as their hereditary material
  • Have the collective capacity to adapt to the environment over successive generations
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6
Q

Basic Unit of life

A

Cell

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7
Q

Cell was first discovered under a microscope by?

A

Antoine Van Leuwenhoek

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8
Q

Cell is named by

A

Robert Hooke

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9
Q

Cell theory was proposed by?

A

Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

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10
Q

What is the cell theory?

A
  1. every organism consists of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all organisms.
  3. All living cells arise by division of preexisting cells
  4. Cells contains hereditary material, which they pass to their offspring when they divide
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11
Q

All cells have three common features

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • DNA
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12
Q

Separates cell contents from the external environment

Controls exchanges between cell and environment

A

Plasma membrane

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13
Q

Jellylike mixture of water, sugars, ions, and proteins with all cellular components inside cell

A

Cytoplasm

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14
Q

The hereditary material of cells

A

DNA

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15
Q

Most cells are _____ in diameter, much too small to see with the unaided human eye

A

10-20 micrometers

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16
Q

One _____ is one-thousandth of a millimeter, which is one-thousandth of a meter

A

micrometer (μm)

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17
Q

Used to visualize cells

A

Microscope

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18
Q

use visible light to illuminate samples

A

Light microscope

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19
Q

use electrons to image samples

A

Electron microscopes

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20
Q

– No nucleus

– Bacteria and archaea

– Single-celled organisms

– Smallest and most metabolically diverse life forms we know

– Share basic structures

A

Prokaryotes

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21
Q

– Surrounds the plasma membrane

– Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria) or proteins (in archaea)

– Coated with a sticky capsule

A

Cell wall

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22
Q

– For motion

A

Flagellum

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23
Q

– Help cells move across surfaces

– “Sex” pilus aids in sexual reproduction

A

Pili

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24
Q

– Organelles upon which polypeptides are assembled

A

Ribosomes

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25
Q

– Irregularly shaped region of cytoplasm containing single large circular DNA molecule

A

Nucleoid

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26
Q

– Small circles of DNA carrying only a few genes

A

Plasmids

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27
Q

– DNA contained inside nucleus

– Contain many other membrane-enclosed organelles

A

Eukaryotic cells

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28
Q

Membranes allow organelles to:

A

– Regulate substances entering and exiting

– Specialized environment allows organelle to have particular function

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29
Q

Organelles with membranes

A
  • Nucleus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
  • Golgi Body
  • Vesicle
  • Mitochondrion
  • Chloroplast
  • Lysosome
  • Peroxisome
  • Vacuole
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30
Q

Protects, controls access to DNA

A

Nucleus

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31
Q

Makes, modifies polypeptides and lipids; other tasks

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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32
Q

Modifies and sorts polypeptides and lipids

A

Golgi body

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33
Q

Transports, stores, or breaks down substances

A

Vesicle

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34
Q

Makes ATP by glucose breakdown

A

Mitochondrion

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35
Q

Makes sugar (in plants, some protists)

A

Chloroplast

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36
Q

Intracellular digestion

A

lysosome

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37
Q

Breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, toxins.

A

Peroxisome

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38
Q

Storage, breaks down food or waste

A

Vacuole

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39
Q

Organelles without membranes

A

Ribosomes
Centriole

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40
Q

Assemble Polypeptide

A

Ribosomes

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41
Q

Anchors Cytoskeleton

A

Centriole

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42
Q

Other component

A

Cytoskeleton

43
Q

Contributes to cell shape, internal organization, movement

A

Cytoskeleton

44
Q

contains the cell’s DNA, separating it from potential damage in the cytoplasm

A

Eukaryotic nucleus

45
Q

DNA and associated proteins in a cell nucleus

A

Chromatin

46
Q

Semifluid interior portion of the nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm

47
Q

Double membrane with nuclear pores that control which substances enter and exit the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope

48
Q

Dense region of proteins and nucleic acid where ribosomal subunits are being produced

A

Nucleolus

49
Q
  • Series of interacting organelles between nucleus and plasma membrane
  • Makes, modifies, and transports proteins and lipids for secretion or insertion into cell membranes
  • Destroys toxins, recycles wastes, and has other specialized functions
A

The Endomembrane System

50
Q

An extension of the nuclear envelope that forms a continuous, folded compartment

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

51
Q

Two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum

A

Rough ER (with ribosomes)
Smooth ER (no ribosomes)

52
Q

folds polypeptides into their tertiary form

A

Rough ER

53
Q

makes lipids, breaks down carbohydrates and lipids, and detoxifies poisons

A

Smooth ER

54
Q

Small, membrane-enclosed saclike organelles that store or transport substances

A

Vesicles

55
Q

Vesicles containing enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, and other toxins

A

Peroxisomes

56
Q

Vesicles containing enzymes that fuse with vacuoles and digest waste materials

A

Lysosomes

57
Q

– Occupies 50 to 90 percent of a cell’s interior

– Stores amino acids, sugars, ions, wastes, toxins

– Fluid pressure keeps plant cells firm

A

Central vacuole

58
Q

Many isolate or dispose of waste, debris, and toxins

A

vacuoles

59
Q
  • A folded membrane containing enzymes that finish polypeptides and lipids delivered by the ER

– Packages finished products in vesicles that carry them to the plasma membrane or to lysosomes

A

Golgi Bodies

60
Q
  • A folded membrane containing enzymes that finish polypeptides and lipids delivered by the ER

– Packages finished products in vesicles that carry them to the plasma membrane or to lysosomes

A

Golgi Bodies

61
Q
  • Eukaryotic organelle that makes the energy molecule ATP through aerobic respiration
  • Contains two membranes, forming inner and outer compartments

– Buildup of hydrogen ions in the outer compartment drives ATP synthesis

  • Has its own DNA and ribosomes
  • Resembles bacteria

– May have evolved from aerobic bacteria

A

Mitochondria

62
Q

– Organelles that function in photosynthesis or storage in plants and algae

– Includes chromoplasts, amyloplasts, and chloroplasts

A

Plastids

63
Q

– Plastids specialized for photosynthesis

– Resemble photosynthetic bacteria

A

Chloroplasts

64
Q
  • An interconnected system of many protein filaments – some permanent, some temporary

– Parts of the _____ reinforce, organize, and move cell structures, or even a whole cell

A

cytoskeleton

65
Q

Cytoskeletal Elements

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

66
Q

– Long, hollow cylinders made of tubulin

– Form dynamic scaffolding for cell processes

A

Microtubules

67
Q

– Consist mainly of the globular protein actin

– Make up the cell cortex

A

Microfilaments

68
Q

Maintain cell and tissue structures

A

Intermediate filaments

69
Q

Accessory proteins that move molecules through cells on tracks of microtubules and microfilaments

Energized by ATP

Example: kinesins

A

Motor Proteins

70
Q

what energizes motor protein

A

ATP
(Adenosine triphosphate)

71
Q

Example of Motor Proteins

A

Kinesins

72
Q

are usually short, hairlike structures that move in waves

A

Cilia

73
Q

are long whiplike structures

A

Flagella

74
Q

“false feet”

– Temporary, irregular lobes formed by amoebas and some other eukaryotic cells

– Bulge outward to move the cell or engulf prey

– Elongating microfilaments force the lobe to advance in a steady direction

– Motor proteins attached to microfilaments drag the plasma membrane along with

A

Pseudopods

75
Q

Many cells secrete materials that form a covering or matrix outside their plasma membrane

A

Cell surface Specialization

76
Q

– A nonliving, complex mixture of fibrous proteins and polysaccharides secreted by and surrounding cells

– Structure and function varies with the type of tissue

– Examples: cell walls and cuticles

A

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

77
Q

Animal cells do not have _____, but plant cells and many protist and fungal cells do

A

Cell wall

78
Q

A thin, pliable wall formed by secretion of cellulose into the coating around young plant cells

A

Primary cell wall

79
Q

A strong wall composed of lignin, formed in some plant stems and roots after maturity

A

Secondary cell wall

80
Q

A type of ECM secreted by cells at a body surface

A

Cuticle

81
Q

consist of waxes and proteins, and help plants retain water and fend off insects

A

Plant cuticles

82
Q

Cuticles of crabs, spiders, and other arthropods is mainly _____, a _____

A

Chitin
polysaccharide

83
Q

allow cells to interact with each other and the environment

A

Cell junctions

84
Q

In plants, _____ extend through cell walls to connect the cytoplasm of two cells

A

plasmodesmata

85
Q

Animals have three types of cell junctions:

A

tight junctions, adhering junctions, gap junctions

86
Q

Fasten together plasma membranes of adjacent cells

A

Tight junctions

87
Q

Fasten cells to one another and to basement membrane

A

Adhering junctions

88
Q

Closable channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjoining animal cells

A

Gap junctions

89
Q

The _____ by which living cells break down glucose molecules, release energy, and form molecules of ATP.

A

aerobic process

90
Q

3 stages of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis

the citric acid Krebs cycle

oxidative phosphorylation

91
Q

complete balanced chemical formula for cellular respiration.

A

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 –> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP

92
Q

The first stage of cellular respiration is _____

A

Glycoloysis

93
Q

Where does glycolysis takes place?

A

cytosol of the cytoplasm

94
Q

The word glycolysis means?

A

glucose splitting

95
Q

Enzymes split a molecule of glucose into two molecules of?

A

pyruvate

96
Q

_____ is needed at the start of glycolysis to split the glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules.

A

Energy

97
Q

As a result, there is a net gain of _____ molecules during glycolysis.

A

two ATP

98
Q

the pyruvate molecules produced at the end of glycolysis are transported into mitochondria, which are sites of cellular respiration. If oxygen is available, aerobic respiration will go forward.

A

Citric Acid Cycle

99
Q

During this stage, two turns through the cycle result in all of the carbon atoms from the two pyruvate molecules forming carbon dioxide and the energy from their chemical bonds being stored in a total of 16 energy-carrying molecules (including 4 from glycolysis).

A

Krebs cycle

100
Q

takes place on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. Electrons are transported from molecule to molecule down an electron-transport chain. Some of the energy from the electrons is used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient that drives the synthesis of many more molecules of ATP.

A

oxidative phosphorylation

101
Q

In all three stages of cellular respiration combined, as many as _____ molecules of ATP are produced from just one molecule of glucose.

A

36

102
Q

Recall that glycolysis produces two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid). These molecules enter the matrix of a mitochondrion, where they start the

A

Krebs cycle

103
Q
A

EALS (Periodical) (4 decks)

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