Module 5 - BIOENERGETICS Flashcards
1
Q
is the part of biochemistry concerned with the energy involved in making and breaking of chemical bonds in the molecules found in biological organisms.
A
Bioenergetics
2
Q
acquire energy from sunlight
A
photosynthesis
3
Q
We define life by describing the set of properties that is unique to living things
A
Nature of Life
4
Q
is a property that emerges from cellular components, but a collection of those components in the right amounts and proportions is not necessarily alive
A
Life
5
Q
6 Properties of living things:
A
- Make and use the organic molecules of life
- Consist of one or more cells
- Engage in self-sustaining biological processes such as metabolism and homeostasis
- Change over their lifetime, for example by growing, maturing, and aging
- Use DNA as their hereditary material
- Have the collective capacity to adapt to the environment over successive generations
6
Q
Basic Unit of life
A
Cell
7
Q
Cell was first discovered under a microscope by?
A
antonie van leeuwenhoek
8
Q
Cell is named by
A
Robert Hooke
9
Q
Cell theory was proposed by?
A
Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
10
Q
What is the cell theory?
A
- every organism consists of one or more cells
- The cell is the structural and functional unit of all organisms.
- All living cells arise by division of preexisting cells
- Cells contains hereditary material, which they pass to their offspring when they divide
11
Q
All cells have three common features
A
- Plasma membrane
- Cytoplasm
- DNA
12
Q
Separates cell contents from the external environment
Controls exchanges between cell and environment
A
Plasma membrane
13
Q
Jellylike mixture of water, sugars, ions, and proteins with all cellular components inside cell
A
Cytoplasm
14
Q
The hereditary material of cells
A
DNA
15
Q
Most cells are _____ in diameter, much too small to see with the unaided human eye
A
10-20 micrometers
16
Q
One _____ is one-thousandth of a millimeter, which is one-thousandth of a meter
A
micrometer (μm)
17
Q
Used to visualize cells
A
Microscope
18
Q
use visible light to illuminate samples
A
Light microscope
19
Q
use electrons to image samples
A
Electron microscopes
20
Q
– No nucleus
– Bacteria and archaea
– Single-celled organisms
– Smallest and most metabolically diverse life forms we know
– Share basic structures
A
Prokaryotes
21
Q
– Surrounds the plasma membrane
– Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria) or proteins (in archaea)
– Coated with a sticky capsule
A
Cell wall
22
Q
– For motion
A
Flagellum
23
Q
– Help cells move across surfaces
– “Sex” pilus aids in sexual reproduction
A
Pili
24
Q
– Organelles upon which polypeptides are assembled
A
Ribosomes
25
– Irregularly shaped region of cytoplasm containing single large circular DNA molecule
Nucleoid
26
– Small circles of DNA carrying only a few genes
Plasmids
27
– DNA contained inside nucleus
– Contain many other membrane-enclosed organelles
Eukaryotic cells
28
Membranes allow organelles to:
– Regulate substances entering and exiting
– Specialized environment allows organelle to have particular function
29
Organelles with membranes
- Nucleus
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
- Golgi Body
- Vesicle
- Mitochondrion
- Chloroplast
- Lysosome
- Peroxisome
- Vacuole
30
Protects, controls access to DNA
Nucleus
31
Makes, modifies polypeptides and lipids; other tasks
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
32
Modifies and sorts polypeptides and lipids
Golgi body
33
Transports, stores, or breaks down substances
Vesicle
34
Makes ATP by glucose breakdown
Mitochondrion
35
Makes sugar (in plants, some protists)
Chloroplast
36
Intracellular digestion
lysosome
37
Breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, toxins.
Peroxisome
38
Storage, breaks down food or waste
Vacuole
39
Organelles without membranes
Ribosomes
Centriole
40
Assemble Polypeptide
Ribosomes
41
Anchors Cytoskeleton
Centriole
42
Other component
Cytoskeleton
43
Contributes to cell shape, internal organization, movement
Cytoskeleton
44
contains the cell’s DNA, separating it from potential damage in the cytoplasm
Eukaryotic nucleus
45
DNA and associated proteins in a cell nucleus
Chromatin
46
Semifluid interior portion of the nucleus
Nucleoplasm
47
Double membrane with nuclear pores that control which substances enter and exit the nucleus
Nuclear envelope
48
Dense region of proteins and nucleic acid where ribosomal subunits are being produced
Nucleolus
49
* Series of interacting organelles between nucleus and plasma membrane
* Makes, modifies, and transports proteins and lipids for secretion or insertion into cell membranes
* Destroys toxins, recycles wastes, and has other specialized functions
The Endomembrane System
50
An extension of the nuclear envelope that forms a continuous, folded compartment
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
51
Two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER (with ribosomes)
Smooth ER (no ribosomes)
52
folds polypeptides into their tertiary form
Rough ER
53
makes lipids, breaks down carbohydrates and lipids, and detoxifies poisons
Smooth ER
54
Small, membrane-enclosed saclike organelles that store or transport substances
Vesicles
55
Vesicles containing enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, and other toxins
Peroxisomes
56
Vesicles containing enzymes that fuse with vacuoles and digest waste materials
Lysosomes
57
– Occupies 50 to 90 percent of a cell’s interior
– Stores amino acids, sugars, ions, wastes, toxins
– Fluid pressure keeps plant cells firm
Central vacuole
58
Many isolate or dispose of waste, debris, and toxins
vacuoles
59
* A folded membrane containing enzymes that finish polypeptides and lipids delivered by the ER
– Packages finished products in vesicles that carry them to the plasma membrane or to lysosomes
Golgi Bodies
60
* A folded membrane containing enzymes that finish polypeptides and lipids delivered by the ER
– Packages finished products in vesicles that carry them to the plasma membrane or to lysosomes
Golgi Bodies
61
* Eukaryotic organelle that makes the energy molecule ATP through aerobic respiration
* Contains two membranes, forming inner and outer compartments
– Buildup of hydrogen ions in the outer compartment drives ATP synthesis
* Has its own DNA and ribosomes
* Resembles bacteria
– May have evolved from aerobic bacteria
Mitochondria
62
– Organelles that function in photosynthesis or storage in plants and algae
– Includes chromoplasts, amyloplasts, and chloroplasts
Plastids
63
– Plastids specialized for photosynthesis
– Resemble photosynthetic bacteria
Chloroplasts
64
* An interconnected system of many protein filaments – some permanent, some temporary
– Parts of the _____ reinforce, organize, and move cell structures, or even a whole cell
cytoskeleton
65
Cytoskeletal Elements
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
66
– Long, hollow cylinders made of tubulin
– Form dynamic scaffolding for cell processes
Microtubules
67
– Consist mainly of the globular protein actin
– Make up the cell cortex
Microfilaments
68
Maintain cell and tissue structures
Intermediate filaments
69
Accessory proteins that move molecules through cells on tracks of microtubules and microfilaments
Energized by ATP
Example: kinesins
Motor Proteins
70
what energizes motor protein
ATP
(Adenosine triphosphate)
71
Example of Motor Proteins
Kinesins
72
are usually short, hairlike structures that move in waves
Cilia
73
are long whiplike structures
Flagella
74
“false feet”
– Temporary, irregular lobes formed by amoebas and some other eukaryotic cells
– Bulge outward to move the cell or engulf prey
– Elongating microfilaments force the lobe to advance in a steady direction
– Motor proteins attached to microfilaments drag the plasma membrane along with
Pseudopods
75
Many cells secrete materials that form a covering or matrix outside their plasma membrane
Cell surface Specialization
76
– A nonliving, complex mixture of fibrous proteins and polysaccharides secreted by and surrounding cells
– Structure and function varies with the type of tissue
– Examples: cell walls and cuticles
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
77
Animal cells do not have _____, but plant cells and many protist and fungal cells do
Cell wall
78
A thin, pliable wall formed by secretion of cellulose into the coating around young plant cells
Primary cell wall
79
A strong wall composed of lignin, formed in some plant stems and roots after maturity
Secondary cell wall
80
A type of ECM secreted by cells at a body surface
Cuticle
81
consist of waxes and proteins, and help plants retain water and fend off insects
Plant cuticles
82
Cuticles of crabs, spiders, and other arthropods is mainly _____, a _____
Chitin
polysaccharide
83
allow cells to interact with each other and the environment
Cell junctions
84
In plants, _____ extend through cell walls to connect the cytoplasm of two cells
plasmodesmata
85
Animals have three types of cell junctions:
tight junctions, adhering junctions, gap junctions
86
Fasten together plasma membranes of adjacent cells
Tight junctions
87
Fasten cells to one another and to basement membrane
Adhering junctions
88
Closable channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjoining animal cells
Gap junctions
89
The _____ by which living cells break down glucose molecules, release energy, and form molecules of ATP.
aerobic process
90
3 stages of cellular respiration
glycolysis
the citric acid Krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation
91
complete balanced chemical formula for cellular respiration.
C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 --> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP
92
The first stage of cellular respiration is _____
Glycoloysis
93
Where does glycolysis takes place?
cytosol of the cytoplasm
94
The word glycolysis means?
glucose splitting
95
Enzymes split a molecule of glucose into two molecules of?
pyruvate
96
_____ is needed at the start of glycolysis to split the glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules.
Energy
97
As a result, there is a net gain of _____ molecules during glycolysis.
two ATP
98
the pyruvate molecules produced at the end of glycolysis are transported into mitochondria, which are sites of cellular respiration. If oxygen is available, aerobic respiration will go forward.
Citric Acid Cycle
99
During this stage, two turns through the cycle result in all of the carbon atoms from the two pyruvate molecules forming carbon dioxide and the energy from their chemical bonds being stored in a total of 16 energy-carrying molecules (including 4 from glycolysis).
Krebs cycle
100
takes place on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. Electrons are transported from molecule to molecule down an electron-transport chain. Some of the energy from the electrons is used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient that drives the synthesis of many more molecules of ATP.
oxidative phosphorylation
101
In all three stages of cellular respiration combined, as many as _____ molecules of ATP are produced from just one molecule of glucose.
36
102
Recall that glycolysis produces two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid). These molecules enter the matrix of a mitochondrion, where they start the
Krebs cycle
103
Oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of aerobic cellular respiration. There are two substages of oxidative phosphorylation,
Electron transport chain and Chemiosmosis.
104
is a series of molecules that transfer electrons from molecule to molecule by chemical reactions.
During this stage, high-energy electrons are released from NADH and FADH2, and they move along ______ on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
electron-transport chains
105
The pumping of hydrogen ions across the inner membrane creates a greater concentration of the ions in the intermembrane space than in the matrix. This gradient causes the ions to flow back across the membrane into the matrix, where their concentration is lower.
Chemiosmosis
