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EALS (Periodical) > Module 4 - INTRODUCTION TO LIFE SCIENCE > Flashcards

Module 4 - INTRODUCTION TO LIFE SCIENCE Flashcards

1
Q

3 Ideas to explain the existence of the Universe?

A
  • Divine creation
  • Panspermia
  • Spontaneous Generation
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2
Q

Divine creation

A

In this belief, everything was created by God. Life exist because of Divine intervention.

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3
Q

This theory explains that life came from other planet and carried by asteroids or meteorites to invade Earth. Is the hypothesis that life exists throughout the Universe, distributed by space dust, meteoroids, asteroids, comets, planetoids, and also by spacecraft carrying unintended contamination by microorganisms.

A

Panspermia

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4
Q

The most common theory that Scientists used to explain that life started billions of years ago when Earth started to cool down.

A

Spontaneous Generation

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5
Q

Panspermia came from the greek word?

A

Pan - All
Sperma - Seed

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6
Q

Three popular variations of the panspermia hypothesis are:

A

Lithopanspermia (interstellar panspermia)

Ballistic panspermia (interplanetary panspermia)

Directed panspermia

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7
Q

impact-expelled rocks from a planet’s surface serve as transfer vehicles for spreading biological material from one solar system to another.

A

Lithopanspermia

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8
Q

impact-expelled rocks from a planet’s surface serve as transfer vehicles for spreading biological material from one planet to another within the same solar system

A

Ballistic panspermia

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9
Q

the intentional spreading of the seeds of life to other planets by an advanced extraterrestrial civilization, or the intentional spreading of the seeds of life from Earth to other planets by humans

A

Directed panspermia

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10
Q

Who suggested that spores could be driven in the expansion of space by the pressure and solar radiation

A

1903, Svante Arrhenius

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11
Q

Who suggested that life on Earth came as an aggressive infection?

A

1957, Alexander Oparin

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12
Q

Earth was a byproduct of cosmic garbage by more advanced civilization

A

1960

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13
Q

Who suggested direct Panspermia?

A

1970, Francis Crick

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14
Q

Who suggested that viruses might rained down to planetary space

A

1980, Nalin Chandra Wickramasinghe

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15
Q

First phase of Earth?

A

Earth’s formation
- 4 Billion years ago

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16
Q

Second phase of Earth?

A

Hadean Eon
4.5-4 billion years ago

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17
Q

Ingredients of life that came from outerspace is called?

A

Soft Panspermia

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18
Q

Flew a special sample collecting gel, where they find special Amino Acid and organic compound essential to life

A

2004, Stardust Mission

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19
Q

How many years old the Universe is?

A

13.8 Billion years old

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20
Q

For a living being survive one celestial body to another they need to survive what stages?

A

Escape
- Escape their host planet; survive different calamities

Transit
- Survive travel in space; radiation, cold and dry situation

Delivery
- Landing

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21
Q

_____ or _____ is the oldest theory that explains the beginning of life. _____ shows that life appears from non living things. It also proposes that the first life-forms generated were very simple and through a gradual process became increasingly complex.

A

Abiogenesis or Spontaneous generation theory

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22
Q

Who said “To question that beetles and wasps were generated in cow dung is to question reason, sense, and experience.”

A

Sir William David Ross (1877-1971)

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23
Q

Who explained through his experiment that life did not came from non-living things but from living things.

(May flies sa open container meat at wala sa may lid)

A

1668, Francesco Redi

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24
Q

Redi’s experiment was supported by _____

A

Abbe Lazarro Spallanzani

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25
Q

What happened in the experiment of Abbe Lazarro Spallanzani?

A

Both containers are boiled but one of it was not sealed allowing the air to enter inside the flask. Days passed, the open flask contains many microorganisms while the sealed container remains clean.

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26
Q

Urey-Miller Experiment was conducted by?

A

Stanley L. Miller (Student)
Harold C. Urey (Professor)
1952

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27
Q

experiment was based on the proposed type of atmosphere and major elements present in early Earth.

What experiment provided proof that amino acids and other simple organic matter can be formed with the right ingredients.

A

Urey-Miller Experiment

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28
Q

Urey-Miller hypothesis

A

Proposed that amino acid can be synthesized outside living system

gas mixture containing hydrogen, ammonia, methane, and water vapor subjected to electric spark

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29
Q

Proposed that amino acid can be synthesized outside living system

A

Urey-Miller hypothesis

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30
Q

______ suggests that life arose gradually from inorganic molecules, with “building blocks” like amino acids forming first and then combining to make complex polymers.

A

Oparin-Haldane hypothesis

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31
Q

Who created Oparin-Haldane hypothesis

A

John Haldane and Aleksandr Oparin

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32
Q

What is the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis

A
  • organic molecules could be formed from abiogenic materials in the presence of sunlight and that the primitive atmosphere
33
Q

refers to organisms that cannot produce their own food

A

Heterotrophic

34
Q

Sub branches of heterotrophic

A

Herbivores: Organisms that eat plants.

Carnivores: Organisms that eat other animals.

Omnivores: Organisms that consume both plants and animals.

Decomposers: Organisms that break down dead organic material, returning nutrients to the ecosystem.

35
Q

refers to organisms that can produce their own food from inorganic substances

A

Autotrophic

36
Q

According to the Oparin Haldane Hypothesis, first life-forms appeared in the warm, primitive ocean and were _____ (obtaining preformed nutrients from the compounds in existence on early Earth) rather than _____

A

Heterotrophic
Autotrophic

37
Q

Oparin believed that life developed from _____, microscopic spontaneously formed spherical aggregates of lipid molecules that are held together by electrostatic forces and that may have been precursors of cells.

A

coacervates

38
Q

the basic unit of life

A

Cell

39
Q

in a form of lipids, is the protective layer of the cell from its environment

A

Cell membrane

40
Q

are the first formation of cell

A

Lipids

41
Q

Lipids combined with water creates bubbles called _____

A

Coacervates

42
Q

Scientists hypothesized that coacervates, composed of simple molecules, are floating in the ocean millions of years ago. This molecules reacted with each other, forming more complex structures. Complex molecules eventually became first _____

A

True cells

43
Q

The oldest life fossil found in a 3.5 billion year old rock are called _____

A

Cyanobacteria

44
Q

_____ the most common bacteria that are found everywhere like disease causing bacteria and bacteria that causes decay

A

Eubacteria

45
Q

_____ or ancient bacteria, are usually found today in hostile environment like those in early Earth (salty lakes, hot springs, and swamps).

A

Archaebacteria

46
Q

Biologists believe that the oxygen today in our environment was produced by the _____, known as _____.

A

photosynthetic eubacteria
Cyanobacteria

47
Q

The change in the environment produced more complex life-forms called _____. _____ contain nucleus, much larger than Prokaryotes, and more complicated with their internal structure.

A

Eukaryotes

48
Q

The first living things to populate are the _____ and _____.

A

Plants and Fungi

49
Q

_____ are the mutual partnership of plants and fungi that lives in land.

A

Mycorrhizae

50
Q

Scientists believed that the first animals to leave water and move on land are the _____

A

Arthropods (with bodies and jointed legs are covered with shell-like structure.)

51
Q

All plants and animals are composed of millions of cells. All millions of it have one in common, which is the _____.

A

Cell membrane

52
Q

The cell membranes has _____ that protect the cytoplasm from its external environment.

A

semipermeable wall

53
Q

Among all organelles, the _____ is the most important which carries the _____ that contains the biological instructions that make each species unique

A

nucleus
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

54
Q

is a term that is used to describe all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism.

is closely linked to nutrition and the availability of nutrients.

A

Metabolism

55
Q

2 categories of metabolism

A

Catabolism
Anabolism

56
Q

the breakdown of molecules to obtain energy

A

Catabolism

57
Q

the synthesis of all compounds needed by the cells

A

Anabolism

58
Q

is a term which describes the biochemical or metabolic pathways by which the cell ultimately obtains energy.

A

Bioenergetics

59
Q

is the key to metabolism. The pathways of metabolism rely upon _____ that they breakdown in order to produce energy. This energy in turn is required by the body to synthesize new proteins, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) etc.

A

Nutrition

60
Q

Foods supply _____ in three forms: _____, _____, and _____

A

carbohydrate

Starch
sugar
cellulose

61
Q

Body tissues depend on _____ for all activities. Carbohydrates and sugars yield _____ by digestion or metabolism.

A

glucose

62
Q

The overall reaction for the combustion of glucose is written as

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —–> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

63
Q

_____ are the main tissue builders in the body

A

Protein

64
Q

_____ help in cell structure, functions, hemoglobin formation to carry oxygen, enzymes to carry out vital reactions and a myriad of other functions in the body. _____ are also vital in supplying nitrogen for DNA and RNA genetic material and energy production.

A

Protein

65
Q

Proteins are necessary for nutrition because they contain

A

amino acids

66
Q

Among the 20 or more amino acids, the human body is unable to synthesize 8 and these are called .

A

essential amino acids

67
Q

What are the 8 essential amino acids

A

-lysine
-tryptophan
-methionine
-leucine
-isoleucine
-phenylalanine
-valine
-threonine

68
Q

_____ are concentrated sources of energy. They produce twice as much energy as either carbohydrates or protein on a weight basis.

A

Fats

69
Q

The functions of fats include:

A
  • helping to form the cellular structure;
    -forming a protective cushion and insulation around vital organs;
    -helping absorb fat soluble vitamins,
    -providing a reserve storage for energy
70
Q

Essential fatty acids include _____ acids like _____, _____, and _____.

A

unsaturated fatty

Linoleic
Linolinic
arachidonic acids

71
Q

The _____ in foods do not contribute directly to energy needs but are important as body regulators and play a role in metabolic pathways of the body.

A

Minerals

72
Q

13 Important mineral

A

-calcium
-phosphorus
-iron
-sodium
-potassium
-chloride ions
-copper
-cobalt
-manganese
-zinc
-magnesium
-fluorine
-iodine

73
Q

Important vitamins include

A

-Vitamin A
-B2 (riboflavin)
-Niacin or nicotinic acid
-Pantothenic Acid etc.

74
Q

A _____ comprises a sequence of linked chemical reactions that mutually support one another. Beginning with one or more initial molecules, the pathway progresses through a chain of intermediates, ultimately transforming them into final products.

A

metabolic pathway

75
Q

_____ are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy

These reactions also are coupled with those that release energy.

act as catalysts they allow these reactions to proceed quickly and efficiently.

A

Enzymes

76
Q

Homeostasis came from greek word

A

Same and steady

77
Q

refers to any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival.

A

Homeostasis

78
Q

_____ (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new individual organisms – “offspring” – are produced from their “parents”

A

Reproduction

EALS (Periodical) (4 decks)

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