Module 4 - INTRODUCTION TO LIFE SCIENCE Flashcards
3 Ideas to explain the existence of the Universe?
- Divine creation
- Panspermia
- Spontaneous Generation
Divine creation
In this belief, everything was created by God. Life exist because of Divine intervention.
This theory explains that life came from other planet and carried by asteroids or meteorites to invade Earth. Is the hypothesis that life exists throughout the Universe, distributed by space dust, meteoroids, asteroids, comets, planetoids, and also by spacecraft carrying unintended contamination by microorganisms.
Panspermia
The most common theory that Scientists used to explain that life started billions of years ago when Earth started to cool down.
Spontaneous Generation
Panspermia came from the greek word?
Pan - All
Sperma - Seed
Three popular variations of the panspermia hypothesis are:
Lithopanspermia (interstellar panspermia)
Ballistic panspermia (interplanetary panspermia)
Directed panspermia
impact-expelled rocks from a planet’s surface serve as transfer vehicles for spreading biological material from one solar system to another.
Lithopanspermia
impact-expelled rocks from a planet’s surface serve as transfer vehicles for spreading biological material from one planet to another within the same solar system
Ballistic panspermia
the intentional spreading of the seeds of life to other planets by an advanced extraterrestrial civilization, or the intentional spreading of the seeds of life from Earth to other planets by humans
Directed panspermia
Who suggested that spores could be driven in the expansion of space by the pressure and solar radiation
1903, Svante Arrhenius
Who suggested that life on Earth came as an aggressive infection?
1957, Aleksandr Oparin
Earth was a byproduct of cosmic garbage by more advanced civilization
1960
Who suggested direct Panspermia?
1970, Francis Crick
Who suggested that viruses might rained down to planetary space
1980, Nalin Chandra Wickramasinghe
First phase of Earth?
Earth’s formation
- 4 Billion years ago
Second phase of Earth?
Hadean Eon
4.5-4 billion years ago
Ingredients of life that came from outerspace is called?
Soft Panspermia
Flew a special sample collecting gel, where they find special Amino Acid and organic compound essential to life
2004, Stardust Mission
How many years old the Universe is?
13.8 Billion years old
For a living being survive one celestial body to another they need to survive what stages?
Escape
- Escape their host planet; survive different calamities
Transit
- Survive travel in space; radiation, cold and dry situation
Delivery
- Landing
_____ or _____ is the oldest theory that explains the beginning of life. _____ shows that life appears from non living things. It also proposes that the first life-forms generated were very simple and through a gradual process became increasingly complex.
Abiogenesis or Spontaneous generation theory
Who said “To question that beetles and wasps were generated in cow dung is to question reason, sense, and experience.”
Sir William David Ross (1877-1971)
Who explained through his experiment that life did not came from non-living things but from living things.
(May flies sa open container meat at wala sa may lid)
1668, Francesco Redi
Redi’s experiment was supported by _____
Abbe Lazarro Spallanzani
What happened in the experiment of Abbe Lazarro Spallanzani?
Both containers are boiled but one of it was not sealed allowing the air to enter inside the flask. Days passed, the open flask contains many microorganisms while the sealed container remains clean.
Urey-Miller Experiment was conducted by?
Stanley L. Miller (Student)
Harold C. Urey (Professor)
1952
experiment was based on the proposed type of atmosphere and major elements present in early Earth.
What experiment provided proof that amino acids and other simple organic matter can be formed with the right ingredients.
Urey-Miller Experiment
Urey-Miller hypothesis
Proposed that amino acid can be synthesized outside living system
gas mixture containing hydrogen, ammonia, methane, and water vapor subjected to electric spark
Proposed that amino acid can be synthesized outside living system
Urey-Miller hypothesis
______ suggests that life arose gradually from inorganic molecules, with “building blocks” like amino acids forming first and then combining to make complex polymers.
Oparin-Haldane hypothesis
Who created Oparin-Haldane hypothesis
John Haldane and Aleksandr Oparin
What is the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis
- organic molecules could be formed from abiogenic materials in the presence of sunlight and that the primitive atmosphere
refers to organisms that cannot produce their own food
Heterotrophic
Sub branches of heterotrophic
Herbivores: Organisms that eat plants.
Carnivores: Organisms that eat other animals.
Omnivores: Organisms that consume both plants and animals.
Decomposers: Organisms that break down dead organic material, returning nutrients to the ecosystem.
refers to organisms that can produce their own food from inorganic substances
Autotrophic
According to the Oparin Haldane Hypothesis, first life-forms appeared in the warm, primitive ocean and were _____ (obtaining preformed nutrients from the compounds in existence on early Earth) rather than _____
Heterotrophic
Autotrophic
Oparin believed that life developed from _____, microscopic spontaneously formed spherical aggregates of lipid molecules that are held together by electrostatic forces and that may have been precursors of cells.
coacervates
the basic unit of life
Cell
in a form of lipids, is the protective layer of the cell from its environment
Cell membrane
are the first formation of cell
Lipids
Lipids combined with water creates bubbles called _____
Coacervates
Scientists hypothesized that coacervates, composed of simple molecules, are floating in the ocean millions of years ago. This molecules reacted with each other, forming more complex structures. Complex molecules eventually became first _____
True cells
The oldest life fossil found in a 3.5 billion year old rock are called _____
Cyanobacteria
_____ the most common bacteria that are found everywhere like disease causing bacteria and bacteria that causes decay
Eubacteria
_____ or ancient bacteria, are usually found today in hostile environment like those in early Earth (salty lakes, hot springs, and swamps).
Archaebacteria
Biologists believe that the oxygen today in our environment was produced by the _____, known as _____.
photosynthetic eubacteria
Cyanobacteria
The change in the environment produced more complex life-forms called _____. _____ contain nucleus, much larger than Prokaryotes, and more complicated with their internal structure.
Eukaryotes
The first living things to populate are the _____ and _____.
Plants and Fungi
_____ are the mutual partnership of plants and fungi that lives in land.
Mycorrhizae
Scientists believed that the first animals to leave water and move on land are the _____
Arthropods (with bodies and jointed legs are covered with shell-like structure.)
All plants and animals are composed of millions of cells. All millions of it have one in common, which is the _____.
Cell membrane
The cell membranes has _____ that protect the cytoplasm from its external environment.
semipermeable wall
Among all organelles, the _____ is the most important which carries the _____ that contains the biological instructions that make each species unique
nucleus
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
is a term that is used to describe all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism.
is closely linked to nutrition and the availability of nutrients.
Metabolism
2 categories of metabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism
the breakdown of molecules to obtain energy
Catabolism
the synthesis of all compounds needed by the cells
Anabolism
is a term which describes the biochemical or metabolic pathways by which the cell ultimately obtains energy.
Bioenergetics
is the key to metabolism. The pathways of metabolism rely upon _____ that they breakdown in order to produce energy. This energy in turn is required by the body to synthesize new proteins, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) etc.
Nutrition
Foods supply _____ in three forms: _____, _____, and _____
carbohydrate
Starch
sugar
cellulose
Body tissues depend on _____ for all activities. Carbohydrates and sugars yield _____ by digestion or metabolism.
glucose
The overall reaction for the combustion of glucose is written as
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —–> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
_____ are the main tissue builders in the body
Protein
_____ help in cell structure, functions, hemoglobin formation to carry oxygen, enzymes to carry out vital reactions and a myriad of other functions in the body. _____ are also vital in supplying nitrogen for DNA and RNA genetic material and energy production.
Protein
Proteins are necessary for nutrition because they contain
amino acids
Among the 20 or more amino acids, the human body is unable to synthesize 8 and these are called .
essential amino acids
What are the 8 essential amino acids
-lysine
-tryptophan
-methionine
-leucine
-isoleucine
-phenylalanine
-valine
-threonine
_____ are concentrated sources of energy. They produce twice as much energy as either carbohydrates or protein on a weight basis.
Fats
The functions of fats include:
- helping to form the cellular structure;
-forming a protective cushion and insulation around vital organs;
-helping absorb fat soluble vitamins,
-providing a reserve storage for energy
Essential fatty acids include _____ acids like _____, _____, and _____.
unsaturated fatty
Linoleic
Linolinic
arachidonic acids
The _____ in foods do not contribute directly to energy needs but are important as body regulators and play a role in metabolic pathways of the body.
Minerals
13 Important mineral
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-calcium
-phosphorus
-iron
-sodium
-potassium
-chloride ions
-copper
-cobalt
-manganese
-zinc
-magnesium
-fluorine
-iodine
Important vitamins include
-Vitamin A
-B2 (riboflavin)
-Niacin or nicotinic acid
-Pantothenic Acid etc.
A _____ comprises a sequence of linked chemical reactions that mutually support one another. Beginning with one or more initial molecules, the pathway progresses through a chain of intermediates, ultimately transforming them into final products.
metabolic pathway
_____ are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy
These reactions also are coupled with those that release energy.
act as catalysts they allow these reactions to proceed quickly and efficiently.
Enzymes
Homeostasis came from greek word
Same and steady
refers to any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival.
Homeostasis
_____ (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new individual organisms – “offspring” – are produced from their “parents”
Reproduction
