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Physiology 1020 > Module 6: Nervous System > Flashcards

Module 6: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Hemispheres

A

There are left and right hemispheres

Left controls right, vies versa

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2
Q

Brain Stem

A

Function - controls heart rate and respiration

Made up of - pons, medulla oblangata (medulla is continuous with the spinal cord)

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3
Q

Cerebellum

A

Function -coordinated movement

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4
Q

Diencephalon

A

Made up of - hypothalamus & thalamus

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5
Q

Bumps

A

Gyro

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6
Q

Dips

A

Sulci

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7
Q

Lobes

A

Parietal, occipital, temporal, frontal

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8
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Primary motor cortex - process input from skeletal muscles
Motor association area (premotor cortex)
Prefrontal cortex - right in the front

The motor association area and prefrontal cortex generate perception of stimuli

^lateral view visibility includes

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9
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Primary somatosensory cortex - recieves input form major sense organs

Association areas - integrate sensory info with other association areas of cortex

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10
Q

Cerebellum

A

process sensory info & coordinates execution of movement & receives input from somatic receptors, receptors for equilibrium, balance and motor neurons from cortex

largest number of neurons

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11
Q

temporal lobe

A

Primary auditory cortex & auditory association areas work together to receive and process signals from auditory nerve and integrate them with sensory inputs

Plus: involved in smell (olfaction)
Plus: mediate short-term memory storage & recall

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12
Q

occipital lobe

A

Area of cerebral context

Primary visual cortex Role: vision (receives input from optic nerve)
Visual association areas process visual info and integrates it with other sensory inputs

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13
Q

corpus callosum

A

Corpus callosum
Dense bundle nerves

Pathway and connection between left and right hemispheres

Allows brain to integrate sensory and motor info from both sides & coordinate whole body movement

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14
Q

pituitary gland

A

Pituitary gland

Regulates endocrine organs and is regulated by hypothalamus

Anterior pituitary made up of epithelial tissue of pharynx
- Hormones: LH, FSH, ACTH, TSH, GH, prolactin

Posterior pituitary made up of neural tissue of hypothalamus
- Hormones: vasopressin & oxytocin

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15
Q

pons

A

Red elay station transfer info between cerebellum and cerebral cortex
w/ centres in medulla – coordinates and controls breathing

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16
Q

diencephalon

A

Thalamus (receive sensory output from spinal cord & integrates sensory info before send to cortex)

Hypothalamus (control endocrine functions like body temp, thirst, hunger, etc)

17
Q

Midbrain (mesenoephalon)

A

Bridge lower brain stem with diencephalon

Role: control eye movement and control auditory and visual motor reflexes

18
Q

medulla

A

Control involuntary function (breathing, blood pressure, swallowing)

Fibers from corticospinal tract (from motor cortex) cross over to opposite side of spinal cord to innervate muscles on opposite side of body

19
Q

optic chiasma

A

Eye to eye meet at optic chiasma

Cross over and continue on as optic tracts to lateral geniculate bodies of thalamus

Axons extend to respective hemisphere on primary visual area of the occipital lobe

20
Q

brain stem

A

=Extension of spinal cord
Involuntary function and incorporates 9 cranial nerves

Three regions (see left to right on pic)

  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla
21
Q

bipolar neurons

A
  • 2 process extend from body

- found in retina of eye

22
Q

unipolar neurons

A
  • one process extending from body
  • cell body lives in the middle and off to one side of axon
  • located peripheral nerves
  • sensory (transmit signal to and from spinal cord)
23
Q

multipolar neurons

A
  • many branches of dendrites

- most common in CNS

24
Q

glial cells

A
  • structure role (“glue”)
  • nutrient and specific interstitial env regulation role

Perform this by regulating passage of subs. Btw blood and brain’s interstitial space

Types of glial cells :

  • Astrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Oligodendrocytes (produce myelin!)
25
Q

structure chemical synapse

A 
1. Axon terminal of presynaptic cell  
Contains:  
-Voltage-gated Ca++ channels  
-Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter  
-Mitochondria
  1. Synaptic cleft
3. Post synaptic cleft  
Contains:  
-Chemical receptors  
-Chemically gated ion channels 
    -Open when neurotransmitter binds to them
26
Q

steps that happen at chemical synapse

A

Action potential comes

Action potential reaches the voltage-gated Ca++ channels &opens them, allowing Ca++ to come in the cell down its electrochemical gradient

Ca++ causes the vesicles to fuse to the membrane and they release their neurotransmitters via diffusion across the synaptic cleft

NT (neurotransmitter) binds to receptor on post synaptic cell

Binding changes the protein channel associated with the receptor, allowing a specific ion to flow through

Depolarize or hyperpolarization

Protein channels close, NT broken down and taken back up by presynaptic cell to be recycled/used again

27
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Neurotransmitters (NT) chem released by neurons at axon terminals
Synthesized in neuron
Stored in vesicles
Produces a response in the post synaptic neuron
Excitatory response – lead to depolarization firing AP
Inhibitory response – hyperpolarization (make it harder to fire action potential)

28
Q

4 main types of neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine
biogenic amines
amino acids
neuropeptides

29
Q

EPSPs

A
  • Na+ depolarizes region of dendrite but no action potential is produced because there are no voltage-gated channels on the dendrites or cell body of neuron
30
Q

spatial summation

A

additive effect from many EPSPsgenerated at many different synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron at the same time

31
Q

temporal summation

A

additive effect many EPSPs generated at the same synapse of high frequency action potentials on the presynaptic neuron

32
Q

IPSP

A

hyperpolarization

Either let Cl- come in, or let K+ go out (making the cell become more negative

33
Q

Proprioception

A

how receptors in muscles send signals to the brain

34
Q

motor system structures

A

Supplementary motor area

Premotor area

Primary motor cortex area

Basal ganglia

Spinal pathways

Motor nerves

Muscle receptors

35
Q

different functions of motor system structures

A

Example – seeing coffee and picking it up

Deciding to pick up the coffee – prefrontal cortex

Signals go to premotor cortex – develops strategy for movements needed to pick up cup

Damage to the prefrontal cortex makes it hard for individuals to develop the right strategy to picl something up

primary motor cortex opens sufficient # voltage gated ion channels to reach threshold and start action potential

Supplementary motor cortex programs motor sequence

36
Q

damage to supplementary cortex

A

hand assumes awkward positions when trying to pick something up I.e unable to orientate their hands properly

37
Q

homunculus

A

Medial to lateral – foot, ankle, knee, thigh, trunk, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, fingers, face, lips, jaw, tongue

Signals travel down spinal cord through corticospinal tract

38
Q

corticospinal tract

A

major motor pathway of primary motor cortex to motor neurons

Physiology 1020 (10 decks)

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