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Physiology 1020 > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Detects environmental stimuli

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2
Q

Adequate stimulus

A

The type of environmental stimuli that sensors are most able to detect (most sensitive to)

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3
Q

Generator potential (Def and 4 characteristics)

A

Def: The local depolarization caused by a change in ion permeability following the detection of a stimulus by a sensory receptor

4 characteristics:
Depolarizing but can be hyperpolarizing too

Caused by increase in permeability to Na+ (or K+ for hyperpolarizing)

LOCAL – decrease with time and distance from the stimulus

Proportional to strength of stimulus

Can be summed

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4
Q

List the receptors responsible for touch, vibration, temperature, pain, and proprioception (limb position and movement).

A

fine touch: hair follicle

touch: Meissner’s corpuscles, ruffini’s corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles
vibration: hair follicle, Meissner’s (LOW), Pacinian (HIGH)

pain and temp: free nerve endings

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5
Q

receptive field

A

Area on skin that would activate a receptor

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6
Q

Spinothalamic (anterolateral) tract

A

The first order neuron enters the spinal cord and immediately crosses over to the contralateral side when it synapses with the second order neuron

The neuron ascends to the thalamus (which acts as a relay station)

A second synapse takes place in the thalamus with a third order neuron

Third order neuron travels to the somatosensory cortex

DETECTS
Pain
Temp
Crude touch

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7
Q

Dorsal column/Medial lemniscal system

A

First order neuron enters the spinal cord and immediately travels up

In the upper spinal cord, the first order neuron synapses with the second order neuron, crossing to the contralateral side

Neuron continues to the thalamus where it synapses again to the third order neuron

Third order neuron travels to the somatosensory cortex

DETECTS
Fine touch
proprioception (muscle sense)
Vibration

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8
Q

List the somatotopic organization on the postcentral gyrus (somatosensory area), going from medial to lateral on the cortex. (homunculus)

A

Genitals

Foot

Leg

Back

Head

Arm

Forearm

Hand

Fingers

Thumb

Eye

Nose

Face

Lips

Tongue

Pharynx

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9
Q

Draw and label a picture of the visual system and the eye.

A 
drawing should include: 
cornea
lens
iris
fovea
optic nerve 
retina
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10
Q

List the cell types in the retina and draw a diagram of their anatomical arrangement.

A

rod and cone cells
bipolar cell
amacrine cell
ganglion cell

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11
Q

List the functional characteristics of the rods

A

No axons, no APs

Generate receptor potentials

Release inhibitory neurotransmitter when relaxed/in the dark - light hyperpolarizes cells (shuts them off)

Function best in low light

One type photopigment (chemical sensitive to light)
- cannot detect color

Located: outside and around the fovea

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12
Q

cones functional characteristics

A

No axons, no APs

Generate receptor potentials

Release inhibitory neurotransmitter when relaxed/in the dark - light hyperpolarizes cells (shuts them off)

Function best in bright light

Detect detail

3 types, each with different photopigment and each sensitive to one primary color

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13
Q

Draw a flow diagram of the sequence of steps in the retina by which light is transduced to action potentials.

A

In the dark, rod and cone cells are depolarized, and they release an inhibitory neurotransmitter that shuts off the bipolar cells

When you turn on the light, the Na+ channels close. This causes hyperpolarization in the rod and cone cells (which means there is no inhibitory neurotransmitter stopping the bipolar cells from producing depolarizing

The bipolar cells depolarize. This makes a generator potential. If they depolarize enough, they depolarize the ganglion cells which produce an action potential.

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14
Q

List four types of eye movements, describe when they occur, and describe their overall function.

A

saccades
smooth pursuit
vestibular ocular reflexes
vergences

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15
Q

Draw a simple diagram of the auditory system.

A 
should include 
external auditory canal 
tympanic membrane 
ear ossicles 
vestibular apparatus 
cochlea
eustachian tube
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16
Q

cochlea and organ of corti

A

Cochlea – garden snail

3 compartments:

Vestibular duct/scala vestibuli

Cochlear duct

Scala tympani

Basilar membrane separates cochlear duct and tympanic duct, and contains organ of corti

Organ of Corti - where sound waves are converted to action potentials by hair cells

Hair cells are embedded in the tectorial; membrane

Sound waves make the basilar membrane vibrate

17
Q

List three ways in which the outer and middle ear act to transmit pressure waves from air to fluid.

A
  1. Sound waves created by an external environmental stimuli (e.g., sound of car honking or a tree falling) travel through the air and reach the outer ear.
  2. Waves are funneled into the external auditory canal and strike the tympanic membrane, causing it to flex back and forth. This causes the small bones to vibrate in the oval window. The levering action of the ear ossicles amplifies the pressure waves that strike the tympanic membrane.
  3. Oval window is much smaller than the tympanic membrane, so the vibrations are amplified by 15-20x. The vibrations cause waves in the perilymph (fluid in the cochlea), which transmits a traveling wave to the hair cells along the basilar membrane.
  4. Hair cells detect vibrations and turn them into APs in the auditory nerve.
18
Q

Describe how different frequencies of sound are transduced into action potentials.

A

Airwaves reach outer ear

Waves are funneled into the external canal

Waves strike ear drum (tympanic membrane)

The ear drum flexes back and forth

Ear ossicles amplify the pressure from the tympanic membrane

Amplified sound waves cause the oval window to vibrate

(SOUND IS FURTHER AMPLIFIED HERE since the oval window is much smaller than the ear drum) - reaches about 15 to 20 X original amount

Fluid inside the cochlea (perilymph) transmits waves to hair cells in the basilar membrane

Basilar membrane detects vibrations

Hair cells bend because of the basilar membrane’s vibrations

Ion channels open, hair cells depolarize

Depolarization causes a release of neurotransmitter from the hair cells

Neurons excited – action potentials produced

The louder the sound the stronger the vibration the more bent the chair cells the more NT released and higher frequency of action potentials produced

Signals reach the auditory cortex located in the temporal lobe of the brain

19
Q

Short wave lengths (HIGH PITCH sounds)

A

displace the basilar membrane closer to the oval window

Narrow and thick

Tight

Stimulates hair cells at the bottom of the cochlea

20
Q

Long wave lengths (LOW PITCH sounds)

A

displace the basilar membrane further from the oval window

Wide and thin

Loose

Stimulates hair cells at the top of the cochlea

NOTE: the hair cells also differ slightly

21
Q

Draw a simple diagram of a single semicircular canal with hair cells and cupula and the utricle and saccule with otoliths.

A

…

22
Q

List the major functions served by the vestibular system.

A

maintaining balance, equilibrium, and postural reflexes.

23
Q

Name the movement detected by the semicircular canal receptors and the two detected by the otolith organs.

A

Semicircular canal receptors – rotational

Otolith organs – linear accelerations and decelerations and position if head when it is tilted

Otolith organs (utricle) - horizontal

Otolith organs (saccule) - vertical

24
Q

State the four main functions of the cardiovascular system.

A

Transports o2 and nutrients in

Transports co2 out

Helps regulate pH and temp

Transports hormones and other subs around

25
Q

Contractile cells

A

like skeletal muscle cells

Myofibrils surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum

One nucleus more mitochondria

Extract 80% O2 from passing blood

Joined with intercalated discs

Gap junctions (allow movement of ions and ion currents) - Conduct AP

26
Q

Nodal/conducting cells

A

like neurons

Physiology 1020 (10 decks)

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