Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology 1020 > Module 3: Cells > Flashcards

Module 3: Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleolus

A

The dense body within the nucleus that contains the DNA that makes RNA in ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

The amazon shipping centre that gets proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to package and transport via membrane-bound vesicles
2 types of vesicles created by the Golgi apparatus:
- secretory (sends out of the cell)
- storage (keeps within)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Free ribosomes

A

RNA + protein granules that functions to manufacture amino acids
Polyribosomes: groups of free ribosomes of 10-20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lysosome

A

Comes from the Golgi apparatus

Has enzymes that breaks down foreign or dead material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mitochondrian

A

The powerhouse of the cell
Creates all of the ATP (energy) that the cell needs
Mitochondria can replicate even if the cell isn’t in undergoing cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Continuous with the nuclear membrane
2 kinds: rough and smooth
- rough has ribosomes and its function is protein synthesis
- smooth doesn’t have ribosomes and its function is lipid and fatty acid synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cell membrane

A

Gateway of the cell
Semi-permeable
Functions: controlling the movement of substances/things in/out, detecting chemical signals
Proteins, nucleotides and other large molecules can’t penetrate so it has a lot of embedded proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Centrioles

A

Cylinder bundles of microtubules

Function: directs DNA movement in cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

List the structures of the cell membrane

A
  • channels
  • pores
  • carbohydrate molecules for cell recognition
  • cholesterol for stability
  • phospholipid molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Phospholipid molecules

Structure of cell membrane

A

Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail

Creates the basis of the cell membrane - there are two layers where the tails face one another and the heads face the aqueous solutions inside and outside of the cell

Keep out - water soluble (ions, glucose, urea, etc)
Welcome - fat soluble (O2, CO2, steroid hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cholesterol molecule

Structure of cell membrane

A
  • adds flexibility over a wider temperature range
  • located in the non-polar layer
  • impermeable to some water soluble molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Associated protein

Structure of cell membrane

A

A type of protein attached to the inside or outside of the cell
2 types learned about so far:
-structural: in the inside surface, supports and strengthens the membrane or anchors cell organs to intracellular side of membrane
- enzyme: catalyst for reactions that is attached on either side (intracellular or extracellular)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Carbohydrate molecule

Structure of cell membrane

A
  • Associated with the extracellular membrane proteins or lipids
  • creates protection = glycocalyx (key role in the immune response and recognition of other cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Different types of membrane proteins

A

Receptor - attaches chemical hormones and neurotransmitters

Enzyme - breakdowns products

Channel - allows water solvable substances entry (transportation)

Gate - transportation

Cell identity - antigens (foreign particles stimulate immune system, glycoproteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Transporting substances in and out of the cell with membrane proteins

A
  1. Endocytosis/exocytosis (pinocytosis for small molecules)
  2. Diffusion through the lipid bilayer (fat soluble)
  3. Diffusion through protein channels (water soluble)
  4. Facilitated diffusion
  5. Active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Endocytosis/exocytosis

A

The cell membrane engulfs substances coming in and creates a membrane around the substance (endocytosis = in)

Vesicles combine their membrane to the membrane of the cell to go out (exocytosis = out)

17
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Substances move down their concentration gradient (from a high concentration to a low concentration)

Chemical concentration gradient - substances will move until their is equilibrium (diffusion/net-movement=0)

18
Q

Diffusion with ions

A

+ and - attract, opposites repel

Charged ions can move down both chemical and electrical gradients

19
Q

Electrochemical equilibrium

A

Chemical and electrical gradients are equal and opposite in force

20
Q

Diffusion factors

A
  1. Size channel
  2. Charge on molecule
  3. The greater the electrochemical gradient, the greater the movement (and vice versa)
  4. Number of channels
21
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Where substances attach to specific protein carriers
This changes the shape of the protein where it opens like a gate or the protein rotates

No energy

Powered by concentration gradient

Rate depends on number of proteins and if all of them are working its considered saturated

Competitively inhibited

22
Q

Active transport

A

Uses energy

Protein carriers

Chemical specifity

Competitive inhibition

23
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water until equilibrium (diffusion of water)

  • with more solute the water concentration is lower
  • remember that chemicals dissociate into their ions when put in water (NaCl becomes Na+ and Cl-)
24
Q

Solute

A

Substance being dissolved

25
Q

Solvent

A

Liquid doing the dissolving

26
Q

Solution

A

What you get when you dissolve a solute in a solvent

27
Q

Osmosis across a cell membrane is affected by

A
  1. the permeability of the membrane to the solutes in the intracellular and interstitial fluids
  2. The concentration gradients of the solutes in the intracellular and interstitial fluids
  3. The pressure gradient across the cell membrane
28
Q

Units of osmosis

A

Osmoles/kg of water

Osmoles/L of solution

29
Q

Tonicity

A

The ability of a solution to cause osmosis across a membrane

Fluid in the human cell = 300mOsm/kg water

30
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Concentrations on the cell side and solution side are the same (intercellular = extracellular)

31
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

less solutes in solution causes water to flow from the solution into the cell

32
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

more solutes in the solution causes water to flow from the cell into the solution

33
Q

concentration gradients an d membrane permeabilities for ions

A

Na+, Ca++ and Cl- all have higher concentrations outside the cell than inside
K+ has a higher concentration inside the cell than outside
Just because there is a concentration gradient doesn’t mean the ions will flow. The membrane doesn’t allow them in all the time

34
Q

resting membrane potential

A

the charge in the cell at a normal state

-70mV in most human cells

35
Q

equilibrium potentials

A 
the equilibrium potential for ions 
must be applied to inside 
for neurons: 
E(K+)= -90mV
E(Na+)= +60m
E(Cl-) = -70mV
36
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

active transport through a protein letting 3Na+ out and 2K+ in

Importance:
most cells will burst without
cell volume stays constance
osmosis out because 3 out and 2 in

37
Q

importance of the resting membrane potential

A 
ability to do work 
excitable cells (nerves and muscles = ex.)

Physiology 1020 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions