Module 6 Neoplasia Flashcards
1
Q
Neoplasm
A
- Tumour
- Abnormal mass of tissue
- Excessive cell division/evasion of apoptosis
2
Q
Cancer
A
- Malignant
- Deregulated growth
- Ability to invade tissues
3
Q
Benign Tumour Naming
A
- Suffix oma
- Named based on architectural pattern
- Tissue type
- Exceptions melanoma & lymphoma
4
Q
Malignant Tumour Naming
A
- Classified based on tissue type
5
Q
Sarcoma Suffix
A
- Connective tissue
- Liposarcoma (fat cells)
6
Q
Carcinoma Suffix
A
- Epithelial cells
- Adenocarcinoma (cell that forms glands)
- Squamous cell carcinoma
7
Q
Differentiation
A
- Extent to which cells resemble normal
- Well, moderately or poorly
8
Q
Anaplasia
A
- Lack of differentiation
- Do not resemble any tissue
- High degree of atypia & pleomorphism (shape/size change)
9
Q
Growth Rate
A
- Benign slower than malignant
- Correlates to blood supply
- Tumour cells promote angiogenesis
- Inverse correlation with differentiation
- Poor differentiation grows faster
10
Q
Benign Characteristics
A
- Well circumscribed
- No invasion
- Expansile growth
11
Q
Malignant Characteristics
A
- Irregular/ill-defined margins
- Invade & destroy tissue
- Infiltrative growth
12
Q
Carcinoma Growth
A
- Begin as localized growths originating from single cell
- Confined to epithelium
- Basement membrane in tact (high grade dysplasia/ situ)
13
Q
Metastasis
A
- Tumour discontinuous from primary lesion
- Involves other tissue
- Sign of malignancy
14
Q
Lymphatic Spread
A
- Most common in carcinomas
- Spread to lymph nodes through lymphatic drainage
15
Q
Hematogenous Spread
A
- Carcinomas & sarcomas
- Lungs & liver
16
Q
Local Effects
A
- Symptoms can occur with benign & malignant
- Bleeding
- Pain
- Obstruction
- Tumour can undergo infection, rupture, ulceration
17
Q
Hormonal Effects
A
- Hormone producing tumours
- B cell adenoma in pancreas (insulin production, hyperglycemia)
- Adrenal cortex adenoma (steriod production)
18
Q
Cancer Cachexia
A
- Progressive loss of fat & lean body mass
- Reduced food intake (abnormalities in taste)
- Reduced synthesis & storage of fat
- Increased metabolism of fatty acids
- Not due to nutritional demand of tumour
19
Q
Parameoplastic Syndrome
A
- Symptoms not explained by tumour spread
- Early signs of neoplasm, clinical problem indicator
- Endocrine
- Neurological
- Blood cell abnormalities
20
Q
Cancer Grading
A
- Pathological assessment
- Estimates aggressiveness of neoplasm
- Includes differentiation, mitoses, necrosis
- 3 tier scale
21
Q
Cancer Staging
A
- Clinical based on information obtained prior to treatment
- Pathological based on information from treatment
- Tumour size
- Extent of spread to lymph nodes
- Metastasis in other organs
22
Q
TNM Staging System
A
- Tumour
- Nodes
- Metastases
23
Q
American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)
A
- Stages 0 to 4
- Similar factors to TNM system
24
Q
Reasons to Stage Cancer
A
- Common language across providers & patients
- Treatment guide
- Prognosis estimation
- Comparison over time
- Clinical trial standardization
25
Genetic Mutation Causes
- Radiation
- Carcinogen exposure
- Infection
- Failure of cellular proof-reading mechanisms
26
Tumour Suppressors
- Inhibit proliferation
- Control cell growth
- Down regulate cell cycle
- Repair DNA
- Act as checkpoint for DNA damage
- Mutations result in function loss
27
Proto-Oncogene
- Code normal proteins
- Promote growth & survival of cell
- Cause cellular proliferation
- Inhibit cell death
- Mutation/deregulation results in cancer
28
Cancer Progression
- Initiation
- Promotion (premalignant cell proliferation)
- Transformation (alteration produces malignant cells)
- Progression (malignant cells divide)
29
Cancer Hallmarks
- Evading apoptosis
- Self-sufficiency in growth signals
- Insensitivity to anti-growth signals
- Tissue invasion & metastasis
- Limitless replicative potential
- Sustained angiogenesis
30
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
- Age
- Sex
- Ethnicity
- Geography
- Genetic susceptibility
- Precursor lesions/preneoplastic conditions
- Reproductive history
31
Modifiable Risk Factors
- Smoking
- Obesity
- Physical activity
- Diet
- Alcohol consumption
- Injection drug use
- Sexual history
- UV radiation exposure
32
Carcinogens
- Cause genetic damage to cells
- Chemical (cigarettes, asbestos)
- Radiation (UV, ionizing)
- Viral & microbial
33
Screening Purpose
- Identify asymptomatic individuals
- With an elevated risk of cancer
- Further diagnostic testing after early identification
34
Cervical Cancer Progression
- HPV infection (HPV Vaccine)
- High grade dysplasia develops (HSIL)
- Pap test intervention (prior to 10 years)
- Invasive squamous cell carcinoma
35
Breast Cancer Development
- Carcinoma in situ (DCIS) precursor lesion
- Mammography detection
- Surgery to prevent progression
- 3-9 years invasive breast
36
Colon Cancer Progression
- Colonic adenoma precursor lesion
- Colonoscopy/FIT test detection
- Remove
- 10 years invasive cancer
37
Cancer Screening Principles
- Will be a major health problem
- More treatable if detected early
- Acceptable test for those eligible
- Inexpensive
- High sensitivity (subjects with cancer test positive)
- High specificity (subjects without cancer test negative)
- Screenings show reduced mortality
