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2420 Pathology > Module 6 Neoplasia > Flashcards

Module 6 Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasm

A
  • Tumour
  • Abnormal mass of tissue
  • Excessive cell division/evasion of apoptosis
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2
Q

Cancer

A
  • Malignant
  • Deregulated growth
  • Ability to invade tissues
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3
Q

Benign Tumour Naming

A
  • Suffix oma
  • Named based on architectural pattern
  • Tissue type
  • Exceptions melanoma & lymphoma
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4
Q

Malignant Tumour Naming

A
  • Classified based on tissue type
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5
Q

Sarcoma Suffix

A
  • Connective tissue
  • Liposarcoma (fat cells)
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6
Q

Carcinoma Suffix

A
  • Epithelial cells
  • Adenocarcinoma (cell that forms glands)
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
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7
Q

Differentiation

A
  • Extent to which cells resemble normal
  • Well, moderately or poorly
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8
Q

Anaplasia

A
  • Lack of differentiation
  • Do not resemble any tissue
  • High degree of atypia & pleomorphism (shape/size change)
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9
Q

Growth Rate

A
  • Benign slower than malignant
  • Correlates to blood supply
  • Tumour cells promote angiogenesis
  • Inverse correlation with differentiation
  • Poor differentiation grows faster
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10
Q

Benign Characteristics

A
  • Well circumscribed
  • No invasion
  • Expansile growth
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11
Q

Malignant Characteristics

A
  • Irregular/ill-defined margins
  • Invade & destroy tissue
  • Infiltrative growth
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12
Q

Carcinoma Growth

A
  • Begin as localized growths originating from single cell
  • Confined to epithelium
  • Basement membrane in tact (high grade dysplasia/ situ)
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13
Q

Metastasis

A
  • Tumour discontinuous from primary lesion
  • Involves other tissue
  • Sign of malignancy
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14
Q

Lymphatic Spread

A
  • Most common in carcinomas
  • Spread to lymph nodes through lymphatic drainage
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15
Q

Hematogenous Spread

A
  • Carcinomas & sarcomas
  • Lungs & liver
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16
Q

Local Effects

A
  • Symptoms can occur with benign & malignant
  • Bleeding
  • Pain
  • Obstruction
  • Tumour can undergo infection, rupture, ulceration
17
Q

Hormonal Effects

A
  • Hormone producing tumours
  • B cell adenoma in pancreas (insulin production, hyperglycemia)
  • Adrenal cortex adenoma (steriod production)
18
Q

Cancer Cachexia

A
  • Progressive loss of fat & lean body mass
  • Reduced food intake (abnormalities in taste)
  • Reduced synthesis & storage of fat
  • Increased metabolism of fatty acids
  • Not due to nutritional demand of tumour
19
Q

Parameoplastic Syndrome

A
  • Symptoms not explained by tumour spread
  • Early signs of neoplasm, clinical problem indicator
  • Endocrine
  • Neurological
  • Blood cell abnormalities
20
Q

Cancer Grading

A
  • Pathological assessment
  • Estimates aggressiveness of neoplasm
  • Includes differentiation, mitoses, necrosis
  • 3 tier scale
21
Q

Cancer Staging

A
  • Clinical based on information obtained prior to treatment
  • Pathological based on information from treatment
  • Tumour size
  • Extent of spread to lymph nodes
  • Metastasis in other organs
22
Q

TNM Staging System

A
  • Tumour
  • Nodes
  • Metastases
23
Q

American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)

A
  • Stages 0 to 4
  • Similar factors to TNM system
24
Q

Reasons to Stage Cancer

A
  • Common language across providers & patients
  • Treatment guide
  • Prognosis estimation
  • Comparison over time
  • Clinical trial standardization
25
Q

Genetic Mutation Causes

A
  • Radiation
  • Carcinogen exposure
  • Infection
  • Failure of cellular proof-reading mechanisms
26
Q

Tumour Suppressors

A
  • Inhibit proliferation
  • Control cell growth
  • Down regulate cell cycle
  • Repair DNA
  • Act as checkpoint for DNA damage
  • Mutations result in function loss
27
Q

Proto-Oncogene

A
  • Code normal proteins
  • Promote growth & survival of cell
  • Cause cellular proliferation
  • Inhibit cell death
  • Mutation/deregulation results in cancer
28
Q

Cancer Progression

A
  • Initiation
  • Promotion (premalignant cell proliferation)
  • Transformation (alteration produces malignant cells)
  • Progression (malignant cells divide)
29
Q

Cancer Hallmarks

A
  • Evading apoptosis
  • Self-sufficiency in growth signals
  • Insensitivity to anti-growth signals
  • Tissue invasion & metastasis
  • Limitless replicative potential
  • Sustained angiogenesis
30
Q

Non-Modifiable Risk Factors

A
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Ethnicity
  • Geography
  • Genetic susceptibility
  • Precursor lesions/preneoplastic conditions
  • Reproductive history
31
Q

Modifiable Risk Factors

A
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Physical activity
  • Diet
  • Alcohol consumption
  • Injection drug use
  • Sexual history
  • UV radiation exposure
32
Q

Carcinogens

A
  • Cause genetic damage to cells
  • Chemical (cigarettes, asbestos)
  • Radiation (UV, ionizing)
  • Viral & microbial
33
Q

Screening Purpose

A
  • Identify asymptomatic individuals
  • With an elevated risk of cancer
  • Further diagnostic testing after early identification
34
Q

Cervical Cancer Progression

A
  • HPV infection (HPV Vaccine)
  • High grade dysplasia develops (HSIL)
  • Pap test intervention (prior to 10 years)
  • Invasive squamous cell carcinoma
35
Q

Breast Cancer Development

A
  • Carcinoma in situ (DCIS) precursor lesion
  • Mammography detection
  • Surgery to prevent progression
  • 3-9 years invasive breast
36
Q

Colon Cancer Progression

A
  • Colonic adenoma precursor lesion
  • Colonoscopy/FIT test detection
  • Remove
  • 10 years invasive cancer
37
Q

Cancer Screening Principles

A
  • Will be a major health problem
  • More treatable if detected early
  • Acceptable test for those eligible
  • Inexpensive
  • High sensitivity (subjects with cancer test positive)
  • High specificity (subjects without cancer test negative)
  • Screenings show reduced mortality

2420 Pathology (13 decks)

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