Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

2420 Pathology > Module 10 Female Genital Tract > Flashcards

Module 10 Female Genital Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Transformation Zone

A
  • Meeting of squamous & glandular cells
  • Common site of cervical neoplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cervix

A
  • Connects vagina to uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cervical Dysplasia Precursor

A
  • Pre-cancerous changes in epithelial cells
  • Detected by pap test
  • Earlier intervention
  • Reduced incidence of invasive cancers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cervical Squamous Dysplasia Grading

A
  • Squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL)
  • High grade OR low grade
  • LG, HPV 6/11 OR low risk of invasive cancer progression
  • HG, HPV 16/18/31/33/35 OR invasive cancer precursor lesion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cervical SIL Risk Factors

A
  • HPV
  • STI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

HPV Risk Factors

A
  • Young age of first intercourse
  • Multiple sex partners
  • Unprotected intercourse
  • Smoking
  • Oral contraceptive use
  • Pregnancy
  • Diabetes
  • Immunosuppression
  • Poor hygiene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

HPV Prevetion

A
  • Safe sex
  • Vaccine
  • Cervical screening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pap Test

A
  • Scraping of cervical cells from transformation zone
  • Cells examined to detect dysplastic changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Low Grade Lesions

A
  • Repeat pap test in 6 months
  • Spontaneous regression common
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

High Grade Lesions

A
  • Consistent abnormality with pap smear
  • Glandular or high grade SIL detected
  • Investigation by colposcopy (cervix exam & biopsy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cervical Cancer

A
  • 90% squamous cell carcinoma
  • 10 years for invasive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cervical Cancer Risk Factors

A
  • HPV
  • STI
  • Immune deficiency
  • Infrequent screenings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cervical Cancer Presentation

A
  • Abnormal vaginal bleeding
  • Post-coital spotting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cervical Cancer Spread

A
  • Invade into vagina rectum/bladder
  • Metastasize to lymph nodes
  • Ureters impairment
  • Urinary obstruction
  • Uremia/death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cervical Cancer Treatment

A
  • Early invasive cases, cone excision/hysterectomy
  • Low stage survival 90%
  • Advanced disease 20%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cervical Cancer Screening

A
  • 21-69 women
  • Sexually active
  • HPV testing women >30
  • Normal cytology = 3 year screening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ovary Function

A
  • Maturation of oocytes for ovulation
  • Production & secretion of sex hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Benign Epithelial Ovarian Tumours

A
  • Large
  • Cystic
  • Lack solid growth & invasion
  • Common in adults
  • Variety of microscopic subtypes (serous, mucinous)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Malignant Epithelial Ovarian Tumours

A
  • Most common form (ovarian carcinoma)
  • Leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ovarian Carcinoma Prognosis

A
  • Often asymptomatic
  • Non-specific symptoms until advanced stage
  • Lack of specific screening test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ovarian Carcinoma Presentation

A
  • Mass in post-menopausal women
  • Pelvic pain
  • Increased abdominal girth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ovarian Carcinoma Treatment

A
  • Surgical excision
  • Chemo for distant spread
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Non-Modifiable Ovarian Carcinoma Risk Factors

A
  • Increasing age (63+ most common)
  • Having children late or never having children
  • Family history of ovarian, breast, colon cancer
  • Inherited mutation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Modifiable Ovarian Carcinoma Risk Factors

A
  • Obesity
  • Post-menopausal hormone therapy
  • Smoking
25
Mature Cystic Teratoma
- Derived from ovarian germ cells - Most common ovarian neoplasm in young females <30
26
Mature Cystic Teratoma Treatment
- Surgical removal - Immature neural tissue (malignant risk)
27
Dysgerinoma
- Most common malignant germ cell tumour - Equivalent of testicular seminoma
28
Metastatic Carcinoma
- Common site for spread of other cancers - GI, breast, endometrium - Involve both ovaries - Poor prognosis
29
Uterus Function
- Nurture developing fetus
30
Uterus Structure
- Hallow muscular organ - In pelvis - Fundus (upper uterus) attaches to fallopian tubes - Lower uterus connects to vagina through cervix
31
Uterus Layers
- Mucosa (inner most) endometrium, gland stroma - Muscular wall (middle) myometrium - Peritoneal surface (outer) serosa
32
Endometrial Hyperplasia
- Unbalanced hormones alter menstrual cycle - Sporadic or missed ovulation
33
Endometrial Hyperplasia Development
- Increased estrogen - Proliferative endometrium - Unopposed growth - Endometrial hyperplasia - Endometrial carcinoma
34
Non-Atypical Hyperplasia
- Low risk of progression to carcinoma (1-3%) - Progestin therapy treatment
35
Atypical Hyperplasia
- High risk of progression to carcinoma (20-50%) - Surgery (removal of ovaries/fallopian tubes/uterus) - High dose progestins (preserve uterus in younger)
36
Endometrial Carcinoma
- Most common female genital tract malignancy - 85% associated with unopposed estrogen stimulation - 15% estrogen independent (more aggressive)
37
Endometrial Carcinoma Risk Factors
- Unopposed estrogen - Failure to ovulate (perimenopausal) - Polycystic ovarian disorder (hormonal disturbances) - Obesity - Hormone replacement therapy - Functional tumours (produce estrogen)
38
Endometrial Carcinoma Prognosis
- Abnormal uterine bleeding (post-menopausal) - Endometrial biopsy - Well differentiated & low stage = good prognosis - Non-estrogen associated deep invasion = poor prognosis
39
Endometrial Carcinoma Treatment
- Surgery (removal of ovaries/fallopian tubes/uterus) - Radiation - Chemo (higher stages)
40
Leiomyomas
- Most common female genital tract neoplasm - Fibroids (benign tumours of smooth muscle) - Present in 30-50% of females 30+ - Present in 75% of hysterectomy specimens - Growth affected by hormonal alterations
41
Leiomyomas Appearance
- Round - Well-circumscribed - White whorled nodules - Various sizes - Often multiple - Locations include submucosal, intramural, subserosal
42
Leiomyomas Treatment
- None if asymptomatic - Hysterectomy if symptomatic
43
Leiomyomas Clinical Presentation
- Submucosal lesions on endometrium, cause bleeding - Pelvic pain - Dysmenorrhea - Infertility
44
Fallopian Tube Function
- Transport mature ovum toward uterus - Site of fertilization
45
Ectopic Pregnancy
- 1 in 150 pregnancies - Implant at site other than endometrial cavity - Typically in fallopian tube
46
Ectopic Pregnancy Etiology
- Any disease resulting in scarring/distortion of tubes - Increase risk of infection, adhesions, endometriosis
47
Fallopian Tube with Ectopic Pregnancy
1. Implantation of fertilized ovum in tube 2. Chorionic villi of developing placenta invade tube wall 3. Tube expands as embryo grows 4. Risk of rupture with intraperitoneal hemorrhage/shock
48
Ectopic Pregnancy Treatment
- Early detection - Surgical excise affected tube segment - Methotrexate/chemo
49
Endometriosis
- Benign endometrial tissue outside of normal uterus location - Very common (10% of female population) - Unable to expel blood - Tissue expands to form hemorrhagic nodules/cysts - Dense adhesion from scaring
50
Endometrosis Symptoms
- Pelvic pain - Dysmenorrhea
51
Endometrosis Sites
- Ovaries (most frequent 80%) - Pelvic organs (vulva, bladder, colon, umbilicus)
52
Retrograde Menstruation
- Endometrial tissues travel through tubes - Implants onto other organs
53
Metaplastic Transformation
- Cells in peritoneum/connective tissues - Into endometrial cells
54
Vascular/Lymphatic Dissemination
- Endometrial tissues travel through blood vessels/lymphatics - Deposit elsewhere (benign metastases)
55
Stem/Progenitor Cell Theory
- Circulating stem cells from bone marrow undergo differentiation - Becoming endometrial tissue
56
Endometriosis Treatment
- Meds (pain, oral contraceptive) - Surgery (remove lesioned tissue & adhesions)
57
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
- Infectious/inflammatory disorder of upper genital tract - Ascending infections (microorganisms introduced) - Sexual intercourse introduces organisms
58
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Treatment
- Invasive antibiotic therapy - Surgery

2420 Pathology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions