Module 10 Male Genital Tract Flashcards
1
Q
Penis Function
A
- Increased blood flow to erectile tissue
- Decreased blood outflow
- Leads to erection
- Sperm passes through urethra
2
Q
Penis Anatomy
A
- Root attaches to lower abdomen/pelvis
- Shaft, cylindrical portion
- Glands, cone shaped end
- Foreskin may cover glands
3
Q
Testis Function
A
- Sperm production in seminiferous tubules
- Sperm storage in epididymis
- Sperm transported to urethra
- Testosterone production
4
Q
Testis Anatomy
A
- Descend from abdominal cavity
- Pair organ located within scrotum
- Associated with epididymis & vas deferens
5
Q
Prostate Function
A
- Secretes fluids to prolong sperm lifespan
- Control urination & ejaculation
6
Q
Prostate Anatomy
A
- Inferior to bladder
- Join with urethra
- Size of large walnut (20g)
- Vas deferens enter becoming ejaculatory ducts
7
Q
Prostate Cancer
A
- Most common male cancer
- 50+
- Hormone dependent
8
Q
Prostate Cancer Risk Factor
A
- Advanced age
- Androgen exposure
- Family history (2x risk father/brother)
- African decent (2x more likely than Caucasian)
- Western diet
9
Q
Prostate Cancer Presentation
A
- Majority asymptomatic
- Screening at age 50
- Occur in peripheral zone
- Elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA)
10
Q
Prostate Cancer Diagnosis
A
- Prostate biopsy
- Transrectal ultrasound
11
Q
Prostate Cancer Treatment
A
- Surgery (prostatectomy)
- Radiation
- Chemo (metastatic)
- Hormone therapy (androgen deprivation)
- Active surveillance
12
Q
Prostate Cancer Prognosis
A
- Gleason grade
- Stage
- Pre-treatment PSA
- Often good
13
Q
Testicular Cancer
A
- Less common malignancy
- Most common in 15-34
- Majority germ cell tumours
- Peak at 30 years
14
Q
Testicular Cancer Risk Factors
A
- Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism)
- Caucasians 5x higher risk
- Family history 10x risk
- Previous testicle cancer
15
Q
Testicular Cancer Presentation
A
- Painless testicle enlargement
- Metastasis (lungs, lymph nodes)
- Subtype varies from primary tumour
16
Q
Testicular Cancer Diagnosis
A
- Imaging (ultrasound)
- Testicular lesions (no biopsy)
- Bloodwork for biomarkers
- HCG, AFP, LDH
17
Q
Testicular Cancer GCT Categories
A
- Seminoma
- Nonseminomatous (worse)
- 60% of tumours are mixed
18
Q
Testicular Cancer Treatment
A
- Surgery (orchiectomy)
- Chemo
- Radiation
19
Q
Inflammatory Disease
A
- Occurs in epididymis & testes
- Testicle swelling, pain
- Fever
- Nausea/vomit
20
Q
Non-Specific Epididymitis & Orchitis
A
- Often related to UTI
- Spread through vas deferens/lymphatics
- Causes varies with age
21
Q
Children Non-Specific Epididymitis & Orchitis
A
- Congenital genitourinary abnormality
- Infection with gram neg rods (E coli)
22
Q
Sexually Active Non-Specific Epididymitis & Orchitis
A
- Younger than 35
- Sexually transmitted pathogens (STI)
23
Q
35+ Non-Specific Epididymitis & Orchitis
A
- Urinary tract pathogens (E coli, pseudomonas)
24
Q
Granulomatous (Autoimmune) Orchitis
A
- Idiopathic
- Suspected autoimmune cause
- Sudden onset
- Testicular tender mass
- Fever
- Mimic of testicular cancer
25
Gonorrhea Components
- Posterior urethra to prostate
- Seminal vesicles
- Epididymis
26
Mumps
- Viral illness in school age child
- Rare testicular involvement
- Orchitis in 20-30% of post puberty cases
27
Tuberculosis
- Begins in epididymis
28
Syphilis
- Testis first involved
29
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
- Most common benign prostate disease
- Older men 40+
- Enlargement of transitional zone
- Pinches urethra
- Impedes urine flow
30
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Features
- Urinary obstruction
- Bladder hypertrophy
- Residual urine
31
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Symptoms
- Urinary frequency
- Nocturia
- Difficulty stop/start urine stream
- Overflow dribbling
- Dysuria (pain)
- Acute urinary retention
32
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Treatment
- Decrease fluid intake
- Moderate caffeine & alcohol
- Timed voiding
- Medication
- Surgery (transurethral resection of prostate)
